Sugars and Carbs(topic 1)

Question 1

Why are carbs important?

Answer 1

Energy source for animals and plants.
Large family of compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

Question 2

What is a monosaccharide?

Answer 2

Molecule; 1 sugar unit

Question 3

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 3

Molecule; 2 sugar units joined by glycosidic bond

Question 4

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 4

Carb polymer; multiple sugar units

Question 5

Describe a condensation reaction?

Answer 5

2 alpha glucose molecules are close enough for hydroxyl groups to react, bonds are broken and new bonds are made, forming a new molecule, removing water(H2O).

Question 6

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 6

It adds water(H2O)

Question 7

What is the glucose chemical formula?

Answer 7

C6 H12 O6
1 : 2 : 1

Question 8

What is glucose?

Answer 8

Basic building blocks of some biologically important molecules.

Question 9

What are the two types of glucose?

Answer 9

Alpha and Beta

Question 10

What is a glucose called due to being composed by 6 carbons?

Answer 10

Hexose monosaccharides

Question 11

Glucose+Glucose= ?

Answer 11

Maltose

Question 12

Glucose+Fructose= ?

Answer 12

Sucrose

Question 13

Glucose+Galactose= ?

Answer 13

Lactose

Question 14

How is the bond between monosaccharides formed?

Answer 14

C1 will move to connect with a C4,
2 OH groups will join, removing water (2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen) leaving 1 oxygen and the 1,4 glycosidic bond. This is now a disaccharide.

Question 15

What type of bond is a Glycosidic bond?

Answer 15

Covalent bond

Question 16

What are two common Monosaccharides?

Answer 16

Glucose and Fructose

Question 17

What are two common Disaccharides?

Answer 17

Maltose and Sucrose

Question 18

What are two common Polysaccharides?

Answer 18

Glycogen and starch

Question 19

What are the two polysaccharides alpha-glucose’s that mix to make starch?

Answer 19

Amylose and Amylopectin

Question 20

Describe the structure of Amylose

Answer 20

Monomer= Alpha glucose
Bond= 1,4 Glycosidic
Shape= Spiral (makes it compact)
Reason= Slower hydrolysis

Question 21

Describe the structure of Amylopectin

Answer 21

Monomer= Alpha glucose
Bond= 1,4 and 1,6 Glycosidic
Shape= Branched
Reason= Faster hydrolysis

Question 22

Describe the structure of Glycogen

Answer 22

Monomer= Alpha glucose
Bond= 1,4 and 1,6 Glycosidic
Shape= Branched
Reason= Faster hydrolysis

Question 23

Describe the structure of Cellulose

Answer 23

Monomer= Beta glucose
Bond= 1,4 Glycosidic
Shape= Straight
Reason= Strong

Question 24

What happens with every second Beta glucose?

Answer 24

It’s flipped 180 degrees

Question 25

What are some uses of lipids?

Answer 25

- Source of energy - Biological membrane - Insulation - Waterproofing- cuticle of plants - Cushioning- protects vital organs - Hormones- Steroid hormones

Question 26

Which bonds do Triglycerides contain?

Answer 26

Ester bonds

Question 27

What is the main energy store in Plants?

Answer 27

Starch

Question 28

What do plants store excess glucose as?

Answer 28

Starch

Question 29

Why doesn't starch affect water potential?

Answer 29

It's insoluble in water so doesn't cause water to enter cell by osmosis

Question 30

What is an advantage of starch being insoluble?

Answer 30

Stops cells swelling, making it good for storage

Question 31

What's the test for starch?

Answer 31

Iodine test

Question 32

What is the main energy storage material in animals?

Answer 32

Glycogen

Question 33

What is different between glycogen and amylopectin structures, and why?

Answer 33

Glycogen has loads more side branches coming off it. This means that stored glucose can be released quickly. Glycogen is also very compact, making it good for storage.

Question 34

What carb is a major component of cell walls in plants?

Answer 34

Cellulose

Question 35

What is the structure of cellulose?

Answer 35

Long, branched chains of beta-glucose.

Question 36

How are cellulose chains connected? What does this do?

Answer 36

Linked by hydrogen bonds to form strong fibres called microfibrils. This means cellulose provides structural support for cells.

Question 37

3 properties to triglycerides

Answer 37

Used as a energy storage molecule Insoluble repel water Shield themselves from water with the glycerol heads

Question 38

Why does bread taste like sugar after chewing for a while

Answer 38

Breaks bonds releasing glucose a form of sugar

Question 39

What happens to the bonds between glycerol and fatty acids during a hydrolysis reaction

Answer 39

Brown and water is used

Question 40

Name a type of drug given to people to reduce risk of Cvd

Answer 40

Statin

Question 41

What is the structure of a triglyceride

Answer 41

One glycerol molecule attacked to 3 fatty acid strands held together by water bonds formed by condensation reactions

Question 42

What is the difference between a saturated lipid and a unsaturated lipid

Answer 42

Saturated doesn’t have any double bonds between carbon atoms every carbon is attached to at least two hydrogen atoms Unsaturated do have double bonds between carbon atoms

Question 43

Difference in structure and function between high density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins

Answer 43

High density lipoproteins and mainly proteins there function is to reduce total blood cholesterol when it is too high Low density lipoproteins are mainly lipids their function is to increase blood cholesterol when it is too low

Question 44

2 ways how people can quit smokinh

Answer 44

Raising awareness through tv adverts and warnings on cigarettes packets Prescribing nicotine patches

Question 45

what are the monomers present in cellulose and starch

Answer 45

cellulose-beta glucose starch-alpha glucose

Question 46

define the term isomer

Answer 46

Organic molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structural formula