Summa 1 Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
what are the 4 characteristics that make the Earth habitable?
A
Atmosphere,Water,Light,Climate
2
Q
what make Earth unique?
A
it is the the only planet in the solar system which is able to support life in all its form: from the microorganisms to the most sophisticated and intelligent human beings.
3
Q
earth has a breathable air
A
atmosphere
4
Q
the gas that is required for the life of most creatures
A
oxygen ( CO2 )
5
Q
this sis present in Earth’s atmosphere and also in wtaer
A
oxygen
6
Q
oxygen is continuously being put by _____
A
plants
7
Q
earth has a suitable
A
climate
8
Q
this is caused by the moderate amount of CO2 in the planet’s atmosphere
A
climate
9
Q
it is believed to be the most important chemical necessary for life
A
water
10
Q
it can be frozen, solid,and liquid
A
water
11
Q
it is being used usefully on earth, trees and plants on the planet to produce oxygen through photosynthesis
A
light (from the sun)
12
Q
these are the Earth’s subsystems
A
biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere
13
Q
all of these subsystems are what?
A
they are all interrelated and have interaction
14
Q
it means lan or geosphere
A
lithosphere
15
Q
it is the rigid,rocky, outer layer of earth consisting of the crust and the outermost layer of the upper mantle
A
lithosphere
16
Q
lithosphere expands to a depth of?
A
60miles or 100km
17
Q
it is broken into about dozen, separate,rigid blocks or parts
A
lithosphere
18
Q
it tis the total amount of water in a planet
A
hydrosphere
19
Q
it includes the water that is on the surface, underground,and in air
A
hydrosphere
20
Q
a planet’s hydrosphere can be?
A
liquid,vapor,or ice
21
Q
liquid exists in the surface in forms of
A
oceans,lakes,and rivers
22
Q
liquid exists in the underground in forms of
A
wells and aquifers
23
Q
water vapor is most visible as
A
clouds and fogs
24
Q
water moves through the hydrosphere in a?
A
cycle
25
water collects in clouds and falls on earth in forms of
rain or snow
26
it contains all planet's living things
biosphere
27
ecological communities based on physical soroundings of an area
biomes
28
it is a very thin layer of Earth's surface
biosphere
29
"air"
atmosphere
30
a very shallow layer
atmosphere
31
this thin blanket of air provides us with the air that we breathe
atmosphere
32
it also protects us from the sun's dangerous ultraviolet radiation
atmosphere
33
what is being produced in the atmosphere?
weather and climate
34
layers of the atmosphere
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere,exosphere
35
lowest layer of our atmosphere
troposphere
36
we humans line in with?
troposphere
37
this where all weather occurs
troposphere
38
99% of water vapor is found in
troposphere
39
extends from the top of the troposphere
stratosphere
40
this is where the ozone layer can be found
stratosphere
41
in this layer where the uv rays is being absorbed
stratosphere/ozone layer
42
extends about 85km from our planet
mesosphere
43
this is where u can find the coldest temperatures in earth
mesosphere
44
it is the layer of very rare air above the mesosphere
thermosphere
45
high energy x-rays and uv rays are absorbed here
thermosphere
46
the air in this layer is so thin that it would be freezing to us
thermosphere
47
it is more like an outer space part of our atmosphere
thermosphere
48
these are the naturally occurring inorganic solid that posseses an orderly crystalline structure and well-defined chemical composition
minerals
49
the people who study minerals
mineralogists
50
the study of minerals
mineralogy
51
forms by geologic porcess
naturally occurring
52
product of Earth's natural process
naturally occurring
53
5 characteristics of minerals
1. naturally occurring
2. solid
3. orderly crystalline structure
4. well defined composition
5. generally inorganic
54
solids at temperatures normally experience at Earth's surface
solid
55
ice are considered as minerals
solid
56
atoms are arranged in a n orderly, repetitive manner
orderly crystalline structure
57
this orderly packaging of atoms is reflected in the regularly shaped objects we call crystals
orderly crystalline structure
58
most minerals are chemical compounds made up of two or more elements
well-defined composition
59
crystalline solids that are found naturally in grounds are considered minerals
generally inorganic
60
it doesn't contain carbon
inorganic
61
metals came from?
rocks
62
is any solid mass of mineral-like matter that occurs naturally as part of our planet
rocks
63
an aggregate of one or more minerals
rocks
64
1 mineral-calcite
limestone
65
quartz,hornblende, feldspar
granite
66
some are nonmineral
rocks
67
the lightest and the least dense kind of rock
pumice
68
properties of minerals
1. optical properties
2. crystal shape or habit(geometric forms)
3. mineral strength
4. density and specific gravity
5. other properties (taste,texture,smell, attractivity to magnets)
69
how light is reflected off a surface
luster
70
the ability to transmit light
optical properties
71
color
optical properties
72
color of mineral in powdered form
streak
73
ability to allow light to pass through it
diaphaneity
74
mineral's resistance the to break or deforming
tenacity
75
resistance to abrasion or stretching
hardness
76
tendency of a mineral to break (cleave) along planes of weak bonding
cleavage
77
unitless number of representing the ratio of a minerals weight of an equal volumes of water
specific gravity
78
heirachy to the elements of geology
atoms makes up elements
⬇️
elements combined make up compoundz
⬇️
natural compounds and elements combined to form minerals
⬇️
minerals make up rocks
⬇️
rocks make up earth
79
a scheme that represents the processes of continuous changes that connect the 3 major groups of rocks
the rock cycle
80
3 groups of rocks
sedimentary, metamorphic, igneous
81
3 other important parts of a rock cycle
sediments and lava and magma
82
from magma through ____ to make intrusive igneous rocks
crystalization
83
from magma through ____ to form extrusive igneous rocks
consolidation
84
extrusive igneous rock will then undergo
weathering then transportation and depositions
85
weathering, transportation, and deposition to make
sediments
86
sediments then undergo
lithification(compaction and cementation)
87
sediments undergo lithification compaction and cementation to form _____
sedimentary rocks
88
then sedimentary rocks undergo _____ to form metamorphic rocks
metamorphism
89
formed after metamorphism of sedimentary rocks
metamorphic rocks
90
can sedimentary rocks weather and become sediments again?how about metamorphic rocks? intrusive igneous rocks?
yes through uplift and exposure
91
both extrusive and intrusive can directly undergo
metamorphism
92
formed by solidification of melted minerals
igneous rocks
93
lava hardens at the surface to form
extrusive igneous rocks
94
magma hardens beneath the surface to form
intrusive igneous rocks
95
granite
intrusive igneous rock
96
mostly used for buildings
granite
97
basalt
extrusive igneous rock
98
formed when lava erupted onto surface
basalt
99
gabbro
intrusive igneous rock
100
most widespread rocks
basalt
101
natural volcanic glass
obsidian
102
forms when lava cools too quickly
obsidian
103
used as spear and arrow points
obsidian
104
obsidian
extrusive igneous rock
105
pumice
extrusive igneous rock
106
rhyolite
extrusive igneous rock
107
made of rock fragments
sedimentary rock
108
256mm+
boulder
109
64-256mm
cobble
110
4-64mm
pebble
111
2-4mm
granules
112
1/16-2mm
sand
113
1/256-1/16mm
silt
114
less than 1/256mm
clay
115
made of cemented sediments
clastic sedimentary rock
116
conglomerate
clastic sedimentary rock
117
breccia
clastic sedimentary rock
118
red sandstone
clastic sedimentary rock
119
shale
clastic sedimentary rock
120
formed by chemical precipitation
non-clastic sedimentary rock
121
came from the remains of organic matter
biologic sedimentary rock
122
results from the greatest pressure and releases the most energy when burned
anthracite coal
123
the most common sedimentary rock
shale
124
it covers about three quarters of the land surface
sedimentary rocks
125
formed by heat and pressure changing existing rocks
metamorphic rocks
126
affects a large area and results from plate tectonics
regional metamorphism
127
affects rocks on a local scale,such as baking sedimentary rocks next to magma on lava
contact metamorphism
128
contain much mica and other rocks that produce layering or banding
foliated metamorphic rock
129
includes marble which comes from limestone and quartzite which comes from sandstone
non-foliated metamorphic rocks
130
limestone
non-clastic sedimentary rock
131
chert
biologic sedimentary rock
132
granodiorite
intrusive igneous rock
133
schist,gneiss, slate
foliated metamorphic rock
134
quartzite
non-foliated metamorphic rock
135
concentration of a mineral that is of scientific or technical interest
mineral occurrence
136
mineral deposit of sufficient size and grade or concentration to enable extraction under the most favorable conditions
mineral deposit
137
rock or mineral used as fillers in cement, asphalt,plaster, etc.
aggregate
138
generally used to describe non metallic minerals
aggregate
139
naturally occurring material from which a mineral of economic value can be extracted
ore
140
types of mineral sources
metallic mineral deposit
non metallic resources
141
gold,silver,copper, platinum,iron
metallic mineral deposit
142
talc,fluorite,sulfur,sand,gravel
non metallic resources
143
the _______ involved in the rock cycle play a major role in the accumalation and concentration of valuable minerals
geologic processes
144
valuable substances are concerned within an igneous body through magmatic processes such as fractionation,partial melting and crystal settling
magmatic ore deposits
145
concentration of valuable substances by hot aqueous fluids through fractures and spore spaces in rocks
hydrothermal ore deposits
146
concentrated by chemical precipitation coming from lakes or water
sedimentary ore deposits
147
concentration of valuable substances through gravity separation during sedimentary process
placer ore deposits
148
results from the accumulation of valuable materials through chemical melting processes
residual ore deposits
