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Earth Science > Summa 1 > Flashcards

Summa 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 4 characteristics that make the Earth habitable?

A

Atmosphere,Water,Light,Climate

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2
Q

what make Earth unique?

A

it is the the only planet in the solar system which is able to support life in all its form: from the microorganisms to the most sophisticated and intelligent human beings.

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3
Q

earth has a breathable air

A

atmosphere

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4
Q

the gas that is required for the life of most creatures

A

oxygen ( CO2 )

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5
Q

this sis present in Earth’s atmosphere and also in wtaer

A

oxygen

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6
Q

oxygen is continuously being put by _____

A

plants

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7
Q

earth has a suitable

A

climate

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8
Q

this is caused by the moderate amount of CO2 in the planet’s atmosphere

A

climate

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9
Q

it is believed to be the most important chemical necessary for life

A

water

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10
Q

it can be frozen, solid,and liquid

A

water

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11
Q

it is being used usefully on earth, trees and plants on the planet to produce oxygen through photosynthesis

A

light (from the sun)

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12
Q

these are the Earth’s subsystems

A

biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere

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13
Q

all of these subsystems are what?

A

they are all interrelated and have interaction

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14
Q

it means lan or geosphere

A

lithosphere

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15
Q

it is the rigid,rocky, outer layer of earth consisting of the crust and the outermost layer of the upper mantle

A

lithosphere

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16
Q

lithosphere expands to a depth of?

A

60miles or 100km

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17
Q

it is broken into about dozen, separate,rigid blocks or parts

A

lithosphere

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18
Q

it tis the total amount of water in a planet

A

hydrosphere

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19
Q

it includes the water that is on the surface, underground,and in air

A

hydrosphere

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20
Q

a planet’s hydrosphere can be?

A

liquid,vapor,or ice

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21
Q

liquid exists in the surface in forms of

A

oceans,lakes,and rivers

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22
Q

liquid exists in the underground in forms of

A

wells and aquifers

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23
Q

water vapor is most visible as

A

clouds and fogs

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24
Q

water moves through the hydrosphere in a?

A

cycle

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25
Q

water collects in clouds and falls on earth in forms of

A

rain or snow

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26
Q

it contains all planet’s living things

A

biosphere

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27
Q

ecological communities based on physical soroundings of an area

A

biomes

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28
Q

it is a very thin layer of Earth’s surface

A

biosphere

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29
Q

“air”

A

atmosphere

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30
Q

a very shallow layer

A

atmosphere

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31
Q

this thin blanket of air provides us with the air that we breathe

A

atmosphere

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32
Q

it also protects us from the sun’s dangerous ultraviolet radiation

A

atmosphere

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33
Q

what is being produced in the atmosphere?

A

weather and climate

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34
Q

layers of the atmosphere

A

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere,exosphere

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35
Q

lowest layer of our atmosphere

A

troposphere

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36
Q

we humans line in with?

A

troposphere

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37
Q

this where all weather occurs

A

troposphere

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38
Q

99% of water vapor is found in

A

troposphere

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39
Q

extends from the top of the troposphere

A

stratosphere

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40
Q

this is where the ozone layer can be found

A

stratosphere

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41
Q

in this layer where the uv rays is being absorbed

A

stratosphere/ozone layer

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42
Q

extends about 85km from our planet

A

mesosphere

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43
Q

this is where u can find the coldest temperatures in earth

A

mesosphere

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44
Q

it is the layer of very rare air above the mesosphere

A

thermosphere

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45
Q

high energy x-rays and uv rays are absorbed here

A

thermosphere

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46
Q

the air in this layer is so thin that it would be freezing to us

A

thermosphere

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47
Q

it is more like an outer space part of our atmosphere

A

thermosphere

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48
Q

these are the naturally occurring inorganic solid that posseses an orderly crystalline structure and well-defined chemical composition

A

minerals

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49
Q

the people who study minerals

A

mineralogists

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50
Q

the study of minerals

A

mineralogy

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51
Q

forms by geologic porcess

A

naturally occurring

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52
Q

product of Earth’s natural process

A

naturally occurring

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53
Q

5 characteristics of minerals

A
  1. naturally occurring
  2. solid
  3. orderly crystalline structure
  4. well defined composition
  5. generally inorganic
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54
Q

solids at temperatures normally experience at Earth’s surface

A

solid

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55
Q

ice are considered as minerals

A

solid

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56
Q

atoms are arranged in a n orderly, repetitive manner

A

orderly crystalline structure

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57
Q

this orderly packaging of atoms is reflected in the regularly shaped objects we call crystals

A

orderly crystalline structure

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58
Q

most minerals are chemical compounds made up of two or more elements

A

well-defined composition

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59
Q

crystalline solids that are found naturally in grounds are considered minerals

A

generally inorganic

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60
Q

it doesn’t contain carbon

A

inorganic

61
Q

metals came from?

A

rocks

62
Q

is any solid mass of mineral-like matter that occurs naturally as part of our planet

A

rocks

63
Q

an aggregate of one or more minerals

A

rocks

64
Q

1 mineral-calcite

A

limestone

65
Q

quartz,hornblende, feldspar

A

granite

66
Q

some are nonmineral

A

rocks

67
Q

the lightest and the least dense kind of rock

A

pumice

68
Q

properties of minerals

A
  1. optical properties
  2. crystal shape or habit(geometric forms)
  3. mineral strength
  4. density and specific gravity
  5. other properties (taste,texture,smell, attractivity to magnets)
69
Q

how light is reflected off a surface

A

luster

70
Q

the ability to transmit light

A

optical properties

71
Q

color

A

optical properties

72
Q

color of mineral in powdered form

A

streak

73
Q

ability to allow light to pass through it

A

diaphaneity

74
Q

mineral’s resistance the to break or deforming

A

tenacity

75
Q

resistance to abrasion or stretching

A

hardness

76
Q

tendency of a mineral to break (cleave) along planes of weak bonding

A

cleavage

77
Q

unitless number of representing the ratio of a minerals weight of an equal volumes of water

A

specific gravity

78
Q

heirachy to the elements of geology

A

atoms makes up elements
⬇️
elements combined make up compoundz
⬇️
natural compounds and elements combined to form minerals
⬇️
minerals make up rocks
⬇️
rocks make up earth

79
Q

a scheme that represents the processes of continuous changes that connect the 3 major groups of rocks

A

the rock cycle

80
Q

3 groups of rocks

A

sedimentary, metamorphic, igneous

81
Q

3 other important parts of a rock cycle

A

sediments and lava and magma

82
Q

from magma through ____ to make intrusive igneous rocks

A

crystalization

83
Q

from magma through ____ to form extrusive igneous rocks

A

consolidation

84
Q

extrusive igneous rock will then undergo

A

weathering then transportation and depositions

85
Q

weathering, transportation, and deposition to make

A

sediments

86
Q

sediments then undergo

A

lithification(compaction and cementation)

87
Q

sediments undergo lithification compaction and cementation to form _____

A

sedimentary rocks

88
Q

then sedimentary rocks undergo _____ to form metamorphic rocks

A

metamorphism

89
Q

formed after metamorphism of sedimentary rocks

A

metamorphic rocks

90
Q

can sedimentary rocks weather and become sediments again?how about metamorphic rocks? intrusive igneous rocks?

A

yes through uplift and exposure

91
Q

both extrusive and intrusive can directly undergo

A

metamorphism

92
Q

formed by solidification of melted minerals

A

igneous rocks

93
Q

lava hardens at the surface to form

A

extrusive igneous rocks

94
Q

magma hardens beneath the surface to form

A

intrusive igneous rocks

95
Q

granite

A

intrusive igneous rock

96
Q

mostly used for buildings

A

granite

97
Q

basalt

A

extrusive igneous rock

98
Q

formed when lava erupted onto surface

A

basalt

99
Q

gabbro

A

intrusive igneous rock

100
Q

most widespread rocks

A

basalt

101
Q

natural volcanic glass

A

obsidian

102
Q

forms when lava cools too quickly

A

obsidian

103
Q

used as spear and arrow points

A

obsidian

104
Q

obsidian

A

extrusive igneous rock

105
Q

pumice

A

extrusive igneous rock

106
Q

rhyolite

A

extrusive igneous rock

107
Q

made of rock fragments

A

sedimentary rock

108
Q

256mm+

A

boulder

109
Q

64-256mm

A

cobble

110
Q

4-64mm

A

pebble

111
Q

2-4mm

A

granules

112
Q

1/16-2mm

A

sand

113
Q

1/256-1/16mm

A

silt

114
Q

less than 1/256mm

A

clay

115
Q

made of cemented sediments

A

clastic sedimentary rock

116
Q

conglomerate

A

clastic sedimentary rock

117
Q

breccia

A

clastic sedimentary rock

118
Q

red sandstone

A

clastic sedimentary rock

119
Q

shale

A

clastic sedimentary rock

120
Q

formed by chemical precipitation

A

non-clastic sedimentary rock

121
Q

came from the remains of organic matter

A

biologic sedimentary rock

122
Q

results from the greatest pressure and releases the most energy when burned

A

anthracite coal

123
Q

the most common sedimentary rock

A

shale

124
Q

it covers about three quarters of the land surface

A

sedimentary rocks

125
Q

formed by heat and pressure changing existing rocks

A

metamorphic rocks

126
Q

affects a large area and results from plate tectonics

A

regional metamorphism

127
Q

affects rocks on a local scale,such as baking sedimentary rocks next to magma on lava

A

contact metamorphism

128
Q

contain much mica and other rocks that produce layering or banding

A

foliated metamorphic rock

129
Q

includes marble which comes from limestone and quartzite which comes from sandstone

A

non-foliated metamorphic rocks

130
Q

limestone

A

non-clastic sedimentary rock

131
Q

chert

A

biologic sedimentary rock

132
Q

granodiorite

A

intrusive igneous rock

133
Q

schist,gneiss, slate

A

foliated metamorphic rock

134
Q

quartzite

A

non-foliated metamorphic rock

135
Q

concentration of a mineral that is of scientific or technical interest

A

mineral occurrence

136
Q

mineral deposit of sufficient size and grade or concentration to enable extraction under the most favorable conditions

A

mineral deposit

137
Q

rock or mineral used as fillers in cement, asphalt,plaster, etc.

A

aggregate

138
Q

generally used to describe non metallic minerals

A

aggregate

139
Q

naturally occurring material from which a mineral of economic value can be extracted

A

ore

140
Q

types of mineral sources

A

metallic mineral deposit
non metallic resources

141
Q

gold,silver,copper, platinum,iron

A

metallic mineral deposit

142
Q

talc,fluorite,sulfur,sand,gravel

A

non metallic resources

143
Q

the _______ involved in the rock cycle play a major role in the accumalation and concentration of valuable minerals

A

geologic processes

144
Q

valuable substances are concerned within an igneous body through magmatic processes such as fractionation,partial melting and crystal settling

A

magmatic ore deposits

145
Q

concentration of valuable substances by hot aqueous fluids through fractures and spore spaces in rocks

A

hydrothermal ore deposits

146
Q

concentrated by chemical precipitation coming from lakes or water

A

sedimentary ore deposits

147
Q

concentration of valuable substances through gravity separation during sedimentary process

A

placer ore deposits

148
Q

results from the accumulation of valuable materials through chemical melting processes

A

residual ore deposits

Earth Science (3 decks)

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