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Earth Science > summa 3 > Flashcards

summa 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a combination of mineral and organic matter, water, and air - that portion of the regolith that supports the growth of plants

A

soil

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2
Q

comes from rhegos and lithos - the layer of rock and mineral fragments produced by withering

A

regolith

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3
Q

rhegos

A

blanket

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4
Q

lithos

A

stone

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5
Q

components of agricultural soil

A

45% mineral
25% air
25% water
5% organic matter

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6
Q

composition of organic matter

A

10% organisms
10% roots
80% humus

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7
Q

factors in soil formation

A

parent material, climate, topography,
biological factors, time

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8
Q

whenever the soil is weathered directly from the underlying rock,they are called as

A

residual soils

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9
Q

moving water, ice, or wind may transfer the soil from the parent material and they are called as

A

transferred soil

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10
Q

soil from bedrock

A

residual soil

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11
Q

soil carried from elsewhere

A

transferred soil

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12
Q

____ and ____ can cause diff patterns of weathering

A

temp and the amount of moisture

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13
Q

the ____ redistributes sand and other particles

A

wind

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14
Q

the ____,____, and ____ influence soil formation

A

amount, intensity, and kind of precipitation

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15
Q

climate

A

amount of moisture available
temp
chemical reaction speed
rate of plant growth

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16
Q

factors in topography

A

angle and orientation

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17
Q

____ affects the moisture and the temp of soil

A

slope

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18
Q

slopes facing the sun are warmer and steep soils may be ____ and lose their ____

A

eroded; topsoil

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19
Q

angle - steep

A

poorly developed soil

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20
Q

angle - flat to undulating surface

A

best!

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21
Q

the direction where the slope is facing

A

orientation

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22
Q

orientation

A

soil temp and moisture

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23
Q

animals and microorganisms mix soil by forming ___ and ___

A

burrows and pores

24
Q

soil properties

A

texture, structure, moisture, biotic content, chemical composition

25
Q

refers to the proportion of diff. particle size

A

texture

26
Q

large size

A

sand

27
Q

small size

A

clay

28
Q

a mixture of sand , silt, clay

A

loam

29
Q

it provides good aeration and drainage properties of large particles with nutrient - retention and water - holding ability of clay particles

A

loam

30
Q

kind of soil which is best for agricultural processes

A

loam

31
Q

loose and partly decayed organic matter

A

O horizon

32
Q

mineral matter mixed with humus

A

A horizon

33
Q

light colored particles. zone of eluviation and leaching

A

E horizon

34
Q

accumulation of clay transported from above

A

B horizon

35
Q

partially altered parent material

A

C horizon

36
Q

soil conservation practices

A

contour farming, strip farming, terracing, waterways, winbreaks

37
Q

It refers to the tilling at right angles to the slope of the land.

A

contour farming

38
Q

It is one of the simplest methods for preventing soil erosion. This practice is useful on gentle slopes.

A

contour farming

39
Q

This series of small ridges at right angles to the slope acts as a dam to prevent water from running down in order to allow more water to soak into the soil

A

contour farming

40
Q

It is practiced when a slope is too steep or too long.

A

strip farming

41
Q

In _____ farming, alternating strips are closely sown on crops such as corn. The closely sown crops stop the flow of water, which reduces soil erosion and allows more water to be absorbed into the ground

A

strip

42
Q

One practical method of preventing soil erosion on a very steep land is to construct terraces. Terraces are level areas constructed at right angles to the slope to retain water and greatly reduce the amount of erosion.

A

terracing

43
Q

______ are depressions on sloping land where water collects and flows off the land. However, when not properly maintained, it is susceptible to erosion.

A

waterways

44
Q

The wind may cause soil erosion. ______ are planting of trees or other plants that protect the bare soil from the full force of the wind. It reduces the speed of the wind and decreases the amount of soil that is carried away.

A

windbreaks

45
Q

soil quality management components

A

Enhance organic matter
Avoid excessive tillage
Manage pests and nutrients efficiently
Prevent soil compaction
Keep the ground covered
Diversify cropping systems

46
Q

is the generation, prevention, characterization, monitoring, treatment, handling, reuse, and residual disposition of solid wastes.

A

waste management

47
Q

It is generally made up of objects or particles that accumulate on the site where they are produced.

A

solid waste

48
Q

types of solid wastes

A

Hazardous Waste
Agricultural Waste
Industrial Solid Waste
Municipal Solid Waste

49
Q

is generated from households, offices, hotels, shops, schools and other institutions.

A

municipal solid wastes (msw)

50
Q

The major components are food waste, paper, plastic, rags, metal and glass, although demolition and construction debris is often included in collected waste, as are small quantities of hazardous waste, such as electric light bulbs, batteries, automotive parts and discarded medicines and chemicals.

A

municipal solid wastes

51
Q

in the Asian and Pacific Region, as elsewhere, encompasses a wide range of materials of varying environmental toxicity

A

industrial solid waste

52
Q

Typically, this range would include paper, packaging materials, waste from food processing, oils, solvents, resins, paints and sludges, glass, ceramics, stones, metals, plastics, rubber, leather, wood, cloth, straw, abrasives, etc.

A

industrial solid wastes

53
Q

Expanding agricultural production has naturally resulted in increased quantities of livestock waste, agricultural crop residues and agro-industrial by-products

A

agricultural waste and residues

54
Q

Our country has a lot of this type of wastes. This type of waste should be handled properly because of its biodegradability in nature and prone to foul odor.

A

agricultural waste and residues

55
Q

Most ________ is the by-product of a broad spectrum of industrial, agricultural and manufacturing processes, nuclear establishments, hospitals and health-care facilities

A

hazardous waste

56
Q

.Primarily, high-volume generators of industrial _________ are the chemical, petrochemical, petroleum, metals, wood treatment, pulp and paper, leather, textiles and energy production plants (coal-fired and nuclear power plants and petroleum production plants).

A

hazardous waste

Earth Science (3 decks)

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