Summative 4 - Cartridges and Projectiles Flashcards

Question

Corrosion and Season Cracking: Defects - corrosion List List 5 types of corrosion

Answer 1

- Rust - (iron Oxide) - Aluminium oxidation - Cupric Azide contamination (corrosion of Lead Azide in moisture, and subsequent acid reaction with CU case, creating Copper Azide) - Zinc Exudation / Free Copper (copper dissolves out of brass, creating areas of zinc deficient copper, and causing pores) - MAZAK contamination (MAZAK is used in fuze bodies, breakdown will make unreliable, inoperable and dangerous fuzes.)

Answer 2

Wiped clean with Acetone or Alcohol Wiped with a clean dry cloth Cleaned steel repainted

Answer 3

pitting or flaking is present

Answer 4

Use of white spirit or light grade emery paper If the corrosion is severe sentence ammo according to inspection pam

Answer 5

Functioned by a mechanical blow of a striker onto the percussion cap assembled in the base of the Primer. Small flash given by the percussion cap is picked up an amplified by the gunpowder charge in the magazine portion of the primer.

Answer 6

Bridge wire type - Initiation is achieved by passing an Electric Current through an insulated copper wire & bridge, firing a priming composition which surrounds the bridge. Conducting cap - Conducting cap composition which is fired by passing an electric current through the cap filling. ADV: Possibility of Misfires as a result of a broken bridge wire is eliminated & assembly is simplified.

Answer 7

Produce Sufficient Flash to ignite the propellant. Pass the flash evenly over the propellant. Be self obturating, externally and internally. Protect the Gunpowder & propellant from moisture. Flush fitting Screwed / Press fit.

Answer 8

Body - Contains all components. Cap - Holds initiating composition. Anvil - Shaped metal component is located above the Cap. - Provides the resistance to the crushing action of the Striker which cause the composition to ignite. Has flash holes for the passage of the Flash. Contains the seating for internal obturating device. Plug - Provides the fire channels through which the flash passes to the magazine. - Retains cone/ball of the sealing device. Magazine - May be recess in body or be a separate cylinder

Answer 9

External -Achieved by the expansion of the wall of the primer body against that of the Cart Case. Internal - Employing some form of stopper in the body, which on the ignition of the Magazine effectively plugs any attempt by the gases to escape rearwards. - Ball Seal. - Cone Seal.

Answer 10

Striker/Firing Pin strikes the Cap. Crushes the initiating composition against the anvil. Flash passes through the Firing Channels in the anvil & plug to the Gunpowder in the Magazine. Magazine Fires, Primer Body Expands against the Cart Case, thereby ensuring external obturation. Ball or Cone is forced back into the fire channels internal obturation.

Answer 11

Base - Screw threaded externally to engage in the Base of the Cart Case. - Interior is bored & screwed threaded to take an Ebonite Cup, contains the contact piece & bridge wire. - Recess is formed in body to hold small QTY guncotton dust around the bridge & gunpowder pellet above it. - Forward end of body is screw threaded to accept the Magazine. Contact Piece: - The initial Contact which is housed in the Ebonite Cup. Bridge: - Consists of a short length of iridio platinum wire, both ends of which are secured to the Bridge plug. - One end is attached to acopper wire runningdown the insulated centre of the body to a contact piece. - The other to an earthed pole Magazine: - Separate cylindrical brass container. - Holds GP.

Answer 12

Round loaded into gun, breech closed, needle moves forward on to the Primer Contact. On Firing ,current flows through the needle contact piece & insulated copper wire to the primer, cart case & gun to complete the circuit. Bridge wire heats thus igniting the gunpowder dust gunpowder pellet magazine.

Answer 13

External As for other primers. Internal Copper bridge plug, setting back into the cone seating in the base.

Answer 14

Base Pole unit Cap Magazine Base: - Screw threaded externally to engage in the base of the cart case. - Remainder of Body screw threaded on a reduced diameter for attachment of the magazine. - Interior is bored & screwed threaded at the rear to house a Plastic Insulating Cup, containing a Brass contact - piece & Pole Unit. - Forward portion of Body recessed & screw threaded to accommodate a conducting Cap & a Closing Plug. Conducting Cap: - Brass Pole, tapered towards the rear which has a plastic insulating sleeve moulded to it. - Drilled at the forward end to house a small Phosphor Bronze Spring , which ensure continuity of the Circuit between the conducting cap pole. Cap: Incorporates a brass pole piece which is insulated and surrounded by the Conducting Cap Composition. Magazine: - Separate cylindrical brass container. Holds GP.

Answer 15

- External As for other primers. - Internal Tapered pole unit setting back into a corresponding recess in the base.

Answer 16

Round loaded into gun, breech closed, electric needle moves forward on to the Primer Contact. On Firing , current flows through the needle contact piece & pole unit to the pole piece of the cap. The filling in the cap is a conductor due to the inclusion of graphite, permitting current to pass through this to the brass distance piece & outer case of the cap, and back through the body of the base, Cart Case, gun to complete the circuit. Heating occurs, composition ignites to produce a flash magazine.

Answer 17

Used with separate loading bagged propelling charges. Produce a flash sufficient to ignite the igniter.

Answer 18

Tapered body of the tube is closed. On firing, the thin wall of the tube expands against wall of the vent. Head of tube is supported during firing by the striker lock, which prevents any movement of the tube.

Answer 19

Two consisting of supplementary charges of gun powder used to augment the flash from primer or tube. Third being used in solid rocket propellant motors to ignite propellant.

Answer 20

- BL Charge Igniters; Attached to end of BL charges and whose function is to ensure the charge is ignited. - Igniters, cartridges; Supplementary charge of gunpowder used to amplify flash produced by the primer. Ignition of the propellant at centre of charge.

Answer 21

Emit light. May be used as a Self destruct.

Answer 22

Prevent the firer being dazzled by the brilliant flames emitted. Reduce the possibility of the position of the gun being pin pointed by enemy observation from a flank.

Answer 23

Luminosity Strength Consistency of Performance Ease of Ignition

Answer 24

Direct ignition - A cap sets back onto an anvil to initiate the igniter composition propellant ignition - Ignited by hot propellant gasses on firing

Answer 25

Tracer projectile tracer and igniter projectile integral tracer

Answer 26

Method of Securing: - Threaded externally to screw into base. - Threaded internally for attachment to a screw treaded spigot. - Separate screws passing trough the tracer body. Method of Sealing: - Brass or Celluloid discs or cups. - Sealing methods vary considerably. - Nitro Glycerine and Carbamite. - Bakelite discs. Action: - Sealing arrangements are ruptured or consumed by propellant gases. - Priming composition ignited. - Ignites tracing composition.

Answer 27

Steel or brass rod. A separate component issued assembled with projectile. Dual Function as a Self Destruct.

Answer 28

Only in solid shot, pressed into the shot and is integral to the ammunition

Answer 29

Key points/words Elemental - being a single element crystalline structure when solid characterised by ductility, conductivity, reflective etc

Answer 30

This is perhaps the most important property of any metal along with malleability and ductility. Hardness is the measure of a metals ability to resist deformation. Malleability is the ability of a metal to be shaped using forces without breaking the structure of the metal. Ductility is the ability of a metal to be drawn out in to an elongated form again without affecting the structure of the metal.

Answer 31

This is the measurement of the amount a metal expands at a given temperature and when taken along with the elasticity of a metal This particular property is the reason why brass is used to manufacture cartridges.

Answer 32

Metallurgy is the exact science and technology of the use of metals: - The process of producing metals by extracting them from their base ores. - Refining and purifying these metals. - The study of the physical and chemical properties of these metals. - The mechanical working of these metals.

Answer 33

Properties: - Metallic element that is ductile and malleable and one of the best conductors of heat and electricity. - Copper can be found as either native copper or as part of other minerals. - Exposed surface has a reddish orange tarnish. Uses: - Driving Bands - Detonators - Shaped charge liners - Cartridge Cases - SAA jackets (gilding Metal)

Answer 34

Brass is harder and stronger than copper,, it is malleable and ductile, non-magnetic, and melts at 900-940 degrees Cartridge Brass - 70% Copper 30% Zinc Gilding Metal - 95% copper and 5% zinc Admiralty Brass - 69% copper, 30% zinc, and 1% tin which inhibits dezincification in many environments Bronze is, generally, copper and tin

Answer 35

impurities, even in small amounts | work hardening

Answer 36

1100 degrees C

Answer 37

a metal with metallic properties and non-metallic properties

Answer 38

Specific gravity is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density (mass of the same unit volume) of a reference substance. The reference substance is nearly always water for liquids or air for gases.

Answer 39

Anodising is an electrolytic passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer on the surface of metal parts. The process is called "anodizing" because the part to be treated forms the anode electrode of an electrical circuit. Anodizing increases corrosion resistance and wear resistance, and provides better adhesion for paint primers and glues than does bare metal. Forms an oxide over the surface which provides the corrosion resistance.

Answer 40

A heavy, ductile, malleable, magnetic element that occurs naturally in meteorites and most igneous rocks. It is one of the most common elements on Earth.

Answer 41

Alloys are metallic substances that contain more than one chemical element. Usually they comprise a number of metallic elements. Alloys are sub divided into ferrous alloys (those that contain iron) and non ferrous alloys (those that do not contain iron).

Answer 42

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, can be up to 1.7% carbon

Answer 43

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, can be up to 1.7% carbon

Answer 44

Compressing metal particles into a coherent solid body. Carried out under heat but at a temperature below the melting point of a metal.

Answer 45

A permanent change in the physical dimensions of a metal caused by the application of a continuous stress.

Answer 46

A process of working a metal into a different shape while hot. A metal that has the ability to be hot worked, will retain its toughness when worked, and not become brittle.

Answer 47

ROUND A complete assembly of a projectile (with or without fuze), a propellant charge in a cartridge case, and the means of igniting the propellant charge. PROJECTILE An object capable of being propel led by a force, normally from a gun, and continuing in motion by virtue of its kinetic energy. COMPONENT An item which is an integral part of a system, sub sy stem or equipment.

Answer 48

Shot Shell Carrier

Answer 49

The empty body or shot, with driving band, before filling with the payload or tracer or other components.

Answer 50

The complete portion of the projectile forward of the shoulder (US term).

Answer 51

The part of the projectile rear of the driving band, the types are Boat or cylindrical tail. it has either a Base plates or Base cover.

Answer 52

Sections of the shell wall may be accurately machined to a greater external diameter than the rest of the shell body. Is located immediately rear of the shoulder and forward of the Driving Band. the front bad is often referred to as the bourrelet

Answer 53

The attachment to the outside of the projectile, usually to the rear. Primary function to provide obturation and impart spin to the projectile.

Answer 54

The shaped part of a normal projectile from the shoulder forward. It is the main radius of the head. US usage: the entire head.

Answer 55

SHOULDER The junction of the Head with the rest of the Body. CAVITY The space or spaces within the projectile, which may accommodate the payload. WALL That part of the shell body that surrounds the cavity.

Answer 56

GOVERNING SECTION That part of the projectile forward of the Driving Band at which the stress on firing is maximum. FUZE HOLE /WELL The portion of the projectile head or base designed to hold a fuze. LIP The junction of the fuze well liner and the projectile body.

Answer 57

WINDAGE The difference between the diameter of the bore and the diameter of the projectile. FUZE A mechanical Device usually incorporating safety and arming mechanisms with explosive components designed to initiate a train of fire or detonation. LIFTING PLUGS / RINGS Fitted to top of projectile for storage and transport, prior to fitting a fuze

Answer 58

BODY RELIEF Portion of the shell wall that is machined to a smaller diameter than the actual calibre of the round. BOOSTER (exploder) A high explosive intermediary device incorporating a safety arming mechanism, usually a shutter, which amplifies the shock wave from the detonator. ADAPTOR An adaptor is a device that is fitted into, on or to an item of ammunition, to allow the fitting of a part or component which would not otherwise fit.

Answer 59

Capacity Charge Weight Ratio (bursting charge/filled weight). Charge / Weight of Ammo % of explosives in relation to its gross Net Explosive Quantity (NEQ) Total weight of explosives contained in an item.

Answer 60

``` - Operational Projectiles: Shot (KE) Shell effect produced by payload Mortar Grenade Bullet ``` ``` - Weapon Functioning / inspection: Bulleted Blank (SAA) Paper shot (Weapon test) Proof Gun functioning ``` ``` - Training Projectiles: Practice Drill/Dummy Instructional Break up Sub cal ```

Answer 61

Armour Piercing AP Armour Piercing Capped APC Windshield Penetrative Cap Ballistic Cap Armour Piercing Capped Ballistic Capped APCBC Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot APDS Semi Armour Piercing SAP Armour Piercing Fin Stabil ised Discarding Sabot APFSDS

Answer 62

To centre projectile in bore and impart spin. To prevent the forward escape of propellant gases. To assist in prevention of slipback of the projectile when loaded at high elevations.

Answer 63

No excessive pressure on the shell or barrel. Cater for change in bore diameter (wear). Remain firmly attached to the projectile. Must not alter the ballistic shape of the projectile (engraved state). Cause no excessive friction or bore wear. Simple to make and fit.

Answer 64

In practise it is desirable to have the driving band positioned as near to the base as possible to achieve the steadiness in the bore but not effect performance of shell.

Answer 65

Driving band near to the base: - Can cause eddy waves which will reduce performance. ``` Streamline shells (Boatailed): - Requires a band in front of the streamline. ``` Fixed Ammo: - The driving band must be far enough forward to allow the projectile to be firmly secured to the cart case.

Answer 66

The metal used must be soft, to give the least wear possible in the gun. Must not be so soft as to strip under the rotational and engraving process in the bore. Copper has been found to be the best.

Answer 67

USA prefer to use Gilding Metal (Cu 90% Zn 10%) - Reduces “coppering” of the bore - Zinc is a deoxidiser - Eliminates impurities - Economy of use of copper in wartime - Slightly cheaper to produce

Answer 68

Alternatives were used during WWII due to the shortage of copper: Sintered iron; Compressed & Heat Treated Soft iron Mild steel Aluminium alloy Magnesium alloy and Early plastics

Answer 69

Split Ring: - A strip is cut to the required length, - Formed into a ring; - Ends butted together - Pressed onto shell by a multi ram press Solid Ring: - A ring of the correct width is cut from a length of seamless copper tube - Slipped over the shell - Pressed in the same method as for split ring method

Answer 70

Wavy Rib: - This method is easy to manufacture since the ribs can be cut in the same turning operations as the cutting grove - Three or more chisel cuts across the ribs prevent the trapping of air when the band is pressed on Knurling: - This method may necessitate setting the shell up on a milling machine after the groove is cut. - It is more difficult to ensure firm attachment with Knurling than wavy rib

Answer 71

- Orthodox Band: Rectangular in section Height a little over groove depth Width sufficient to give full rotation - Modern Band: Designed with a high sealing flange for high performance weapon systems - Double Band: Easier than single to attach firmly to projectiles Uses serrations to assist in lodging the projectile in the lands after ramming More economic because less copper required (alleviates requirement for one large band) - Gas Check Type: Employs an undercut ``` - Probert: Both Forward & Rear Bands Rear as a high flange Forward is a double and gives rotation Forward bands are grooved ```

Answer 72

Made of various materials Designed to ensure that the spin imparted by the weapons barrel does not reach a rate that would influence the fin stabilisation of a projectile Or reduce the effectiveness of a hollow charge

Answer 73

Should breakup on leaving the barrel Should breakup into particles small enough so as not to harm friendly troops Chances of any fragments remaining in the barrel should be minimal The ring should still engage the rifling and not soften under bore temperature

Answer 74

Plastic: - Nylon Vulcanised rubber. Polycarbonate: - Makrolon

Answer 75

Provide stability for streamlined projectiles

Answer 76

Assist with gas seal behind driving band

Answer 77

Breech loading (BL) and quick firing (QF)

Answer 78

- The breech mechanism is generally heavy and opens rather like an oven door. - Rearward obturation is achieved by the gun. - BL guns are loaded with: Bagged Charge system Modular Charge System (MACS) - Consists of: Tubes/primers bagged charge Projectile

Answer 79

Advantages: Less stowage problems / reduced length. No Cart Case. Disadvantages: Slow loading process. Slow rate of fire, Three components = slow process.

Answer 80

QF Separate QF Semi fixed QF Fixed

Answer 81

QF is a system in which the breech is usually closed by a simple sliding motion resulting in a higher rate of fire. Rearward obturation is provided by the Cart Case. Propelling Charge is contained in an incombustible Cart Case. Also called: “Ammunition Obturation” (AO)

Answer 82

Cart Case with Primer. Propelling Charge (can be Charge Bags ). Projectile.

Answer 83

Protection of contents. Provide efficient obturation. Easy loading and extraction. Able to house a primer.

Answer 84

Protect and contain the contents. Be totally consumable. Allow the flash from ignition to pass easily through.

Answer 85

Non smoulder. Non stretch. Non wear. Be insect, vermin and rot proof.

Answer 86

QF Separate (e.g. 105mm) PROJ and Cart Case packed separately. Loaded as two units. PROJ is rammed before Cart Case is loaded. Can be Adjustable charge.

Answer 87

Advantages: Less stowage problems due to length. Replace damaged Cart Case. Adjustable charge. ``` Disadvantages: Slow loading process. Slow rate of fire. Disposal of fired Cart Case. Fumes trapped in Cart Case. ```

Answer 88

QF Semi fixed (e.g. 105mm PROJ and Cart case packed together. Mated together and Loaded as one unit. Projectile rammed by Cart case. Adjustable charge.

Answer 89

Advantages: Loaded as one unit. Adjustable charge. Projectile ramming unnecessary. Disadvantages: Disposal of fired Cart Case. Fumes trapped in Cart Case.

Answer 90

PROJ and Cart Case joined together. Loaded as one unit. Rammed as one unit Charge not adjustable.

Answer 91

Advantages: Loaded as one unit. Rammed as one unit. Joined together, so no weak point. Disadvantages: Stowage problem due to length. No charge adjustment. Disposal of Cart Cases.

Answer 92

Fixed charge weight (direct fire). High rate of fire / automatic loading. All up weight and size of round should not make handling difficult. Problem in obtaining a satisfactory case shell joint with a heavy projectile. Required rate of fire of the system. Extraction and ejection problems. Disposal of fired cart cases.

Answer 93

Charge can be adjusted so this type of system is used in most indirect fire weapons. Ammunition is easily handled. Stowage problems in AFVs may be eased. Use of more than one type of charge.

Answer 94

No cart case to be extracted. Breech slightly simplified. Fume extractors can work more effectively. Additional component loaded Tube vent. Weight is less. Easy charge adjustment.

Answer 95

Equal Unequal Stem and Ring Stem and Segment

Answer 96

Be non smolder. Be non stretch. Be non wear. Be entirely consumed on firing. Leave no smouldering particles or residue. Be insect / vermin / rot proof. Be permeable to the flash from the tube.

Answer 97

The lowest ch ar g e must be stable so it does not lose its shape when loaded alone and cause a misfire or delay in complete ignition. The igniter, which is always fitted over the lowest charge, is made of the largest possible diameter.

Answer 98

The lowest ch ar g e must be stable so it does not lose its shape when loaded alone and cause a misfire or delay in complete ignition. The igniter, which is always fitted over the lowest charge, is made of the largest possible diameter.

Answer 99

Normally cylindrical in shape. Bagged charge comprises an Igniter and Prop charge. When propellant is in stick form, it is held by sewing silk or in the case of heavier charge loads, by silk braid. When granulated propellant is used, it is filled loose. Lifting beckets of braid are fitted to large charge bags to assist in lifting.

Answer 100

Silk, now cotton or terylene

Answer 101

Material which houses ignition is Shalloon. (legacy) Closely woven to stop GP seepage. Permeable to the flash from the tube. The Igniter should cover the largest diameter to ensure that the flash impinges directly on the GP fill to ensure good, even burning of the main charge, hence the shape design.

Answer 102

Tin or lead foil is incorporated in the propelling charge of each round. On firing, the foil melts and is sprayed against the copper deposits to form a brittle alloy. This alloy is then cleaned away w hen the next projectile is fired.

Answer 103

Charge Types: - Normal Does not provide maximum ballistic performance. Super: Maximum permissible ballistic performance. Reduced: Provides lower pressures and lower velocity (Used for training). Fractional: For large BL charges, divided for ease of handling Incremental: for the variation of ballistic performance in QF howitzer and guns Blank charge: Charge of GP or prop of sufficient size to give a loud report for salutes and training De-coppering charge: tin or lead foil added to propellant charge for de-coppering charge

Answer 104

- Combustible Material that is used up during the process of the combustion of the propellant. It is an inert material and does not contribute to the explosive process. - Consumable Material that is capable of burning and contains ingredients that contribute significantly to the production of propellant gasses.

Answer 105

No spent cart case to be collected or extracted. Less fumes. Ammunition weight is less. Easier to adjust charge. Reduced barrel wear. No cluttering at the gun site.

Answer 106

Lack of strength. Residue left. Additional components to load. Chance for a "cook off". Ingress of moisture.

Answer 107

Combustible cart cases are manufactured from a mixture of NC fibres and inert cellulose with additives for stabilisation and strength.

Answer 108

- Mono propellants favoured. - Two systems: Regenerative system. Travelling Charge Injection system.

Answer 109

Involves continuous injection of propellant into chamber during required burning time of gun. Similar to liquid fuelled rocket motor. Problem of injecting spray into chamber where gas pressure is rising immediately after ignition. Overcome by using the chamber pressure to force a perforated piston rearwards, thus forcing propellant forward via the perforations.

Answer 110

Propellant loaded behind projectile. Backed by perforated rodless piston. Fuel injected rearward into chamber by forward movement of piston. Charge propelled forward. Piston & projectile leave muzzle together.

Answer 111

Elimination of cart case. Ease of manufacture, storage (in most cases), & transport. Achievement of any specific range from a given elevation by precise metering. Low vulnerability to ignition by enemy fire. Easier use in AFV & in NBC conditions. Reduction of smoke, flash & bore erosion. No waste of propellant compared with normal charge increment systems.

Answer 112

Elimination of cart case. Ease of manufacture, storage (in most cases), & transport. Achievement of any specific range from a given elevation by precise metering. Low vulnerability to ignition by enemy fire. Easier use in AFV & in NBC conditions. Reduction of smoke, flash & bore erosion. No waste of propellant compared with normal charge increment systems.

Answer 113

MODULAR PROPELLANT CHARGE SYSTEMS (MACS): Combustible cased. Triple base propellant.

Answer 114

RCL charges classified as cased systems. Do not obturate the breech. Obturator replaced by VENTURI.

Answer 115

Newton’s Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. If two equal weights can be fired in opposite directions at equal velocity the weapon will be recoilless.

Answer 116

It is possible to use a counter shot of half the weight, if it can be fired at twice the velocity. Today the counter shot is replaced by a rapid stream of very light gas. The obturated breech is replaced by the venture.

Answer 117

Solid Cart Case with Blow out Rear Disc. Perforated cart case system.

Answer 118

Primer located to rear side of cart case. Can only be loaded one way Ensures primer & firing pin aligned. On firing the Propellant charge is initiated. Pressure builds, disc ruptures, projectile propelled forward Propellant gases escape through breech hole & out through venturi

Answer 119

Sheath surrounding propellant. Annular Space. Prop gases to escape through holes in cart case, into annular space, out through venturi. Pre rifled projectiles: - Lower pressure - Reduce torque

Answer 120

No Recoil Low Weight Man Portable Mounted on Light Vehicles

Answer 121

No Recoil Low Weight Man Portable Mounted on Light Vehicles

Answer 122

Flash / Dust signature (BBDA) Low Velocity Large Propelling Charge

Answer 123

Longer barrel – weight increase to weapon Higher chamber pressures – requires modification to weapon Reduced projectile shot weight – reduces lethality Methods not considered because of inherent problems

Answer 124

Rocket assisted projectiles (RAP) Ram jet Boosted projectile

Answer 125

Reduce drag - aerodynamics - base bleed Sub calibre discarding sabot - spin or fin stabilised

Answer 126

Reduce drag - aerodynamics - base bleed Sub calibre discarding sabot - spin or fin stabilised

Answer 127

Propelling charges and fuzes Handling, loading and storage Bore pressures and muzzle velocities Deployment No reduction in equipment life

Answer 128

- Reduced shot wieght - sub calibre reduced mass, increased velocity - Extended range sub calibre (ERSC) ERSC projectile for M109 howitzer Max range 22Km compared to 18Km M107 projectile Aerodynamic shape reduced payload from 7.5Kg to 3.6Kg ``` - Extended Range Sub Bore (ERSB) Wider and Longer than predecessor Less than 155mm calibre Bore riding nubs Discarding driving band Good aerodynamic qualities, less lethal ```

Answer 129

Rocket cap removed prior to loading On firing propellant gases ignite delay composition – 7 sec delay Delay ignites rocket igniter and main rocket motor propellant Boost phase – 2 secs, Sustain – 7 secs Propellant gases released through venturi

Answer 130

Lethality – 25% increase in range reduces lethality. Projectile explosive content reduced to 7.3Kg Accuracy – Ignition and burning of rocket motor consistency. Gun firing stresses can distort rocket motor causing irregular burn Cost – Considerably more expensive than conventional ammunition

Answer 131

Non-ballistic solution achieved by generating gases and filling the vacuum at the base of the shell during flight Solid grain propellant ignited by propellant on firing Burns slowly to fill vacuum which increases air pressure Does not propel round, it eliminates drag Base drag reduced by 70%, increase range by 10% – 20%

Answer 132

Base bleed can achieve similar results in range as RAP and maintain 20% charge to weight ratio Has no adverse affect on accuracy Can be housed in conventional or ERFB projectile

Answer 133

Not been developed for service use due to high cost, complexity and serious reduction in useful payload.

Answer 134

Modern projectiles have greater length to diameter (better flight and heavier peayloads) Best design having an ogive forward of driving band Profile reduces head resistance, increasing range Boat tailing reduces base drag

Answer 135

- Advantages to welding: Mild steel interface to rifling (the nubs are softer - less wear) Minimum wear Welding technique proven ``` - Disadvantages of machining: Low alloy steel High wear Reduction in body strength Reduction in fragmentation ```

Answer 136

Large Free Flight Rockets (FFR) being fired in salvoes Automatic loading systems for Self Propelled (SP) guns Guided projectiles and terminally guided submunitions Unguided sub-munitions from conventional shells – Improved Conventional Munition (ICM)

Answer 137

- Carries 49 sub munitions - Small shaped charge warhead - Bomblets expelled through base of shell - Each bomblet has a simple fuze by an aerodynamic streamer - Most sub-munitions detonate on striking the ground Fragmentation lethal radius – 6m, improved by internal design of bomblet casings - Lightly armoured vehicles penetrated by shaped charge - Round is most effective against troops in the open supported by lightly armoured vehicles

Answer 138

Complex payloads unable to withstand setback forces on highest charges so range is limited Maximum range of M483A1 17Km Conventional Base Bleed 30Km Conventional 24Km

Answer 139

The U.S.155mm M718 carries nine M70 mines Double sided mines Miznay Schardin for belly attack of tanks Electronic magnetic influence fuzes Requires many rounds to create a minefield of sufficient depth and density Task best suited to rockets

Answer 140

Projectile SMArt 155mm DM702A1

Answer 141

Flechettes | pre-formed frag

Answer 142

Artillery depends on saturating an area to suppress or destroy the target Lack of terminal guidance limits effectiveness against hard targets

Answer 143

increases projectile cost  Increases cost of target acquisition  Reduces payload  Reduces accuracy – accuracy is proportional to range

Answer 144

Terminally Guided Munitions – Cannon Launched Guided Projectiles (CLGP)

Answer 145

Target must remain visible Forward observer vulnerable Dedicated communications to guns firing CLGP Terminal guidance can be affected by atmospheric conditions and low cloud cover Suited for specialist missions where cost of projectile can be justified - 1 x CLGP Vs 200 fuzed conventional

Answer 146

A fuzed projectile ejects 3 or 4 sub munitions Fires EFP once aligned with target Searches area using Infra Red (IR) beam Deployed parachute slows munition

Answer 147

Based on conventional munitions Fitted with a fuzing system to rake or align projectiles trajectory to the pre-set coordinates

Answer 148

Performs well in most equipment. Metallurgy and techniques are well know. Does not corrode to give hard abrasive particles.

Answer 149

Strong and easily deformable with good recovery. Must not be prone to cracking during fabricationn and storage. Provide sufficient strength at the base and give a hardness gradient along its length. At the mouth it must be soft enough to deform. At the mouth it must be soft enough to deform easily. Base needs to be much harder to allow easy extraction.

Answer 150

Coning The mouth of the cartridge case is turned into a groove or cannelure situated around the base of the projectile, just below the driving band. Canneluring Canneluring requires the pressing of the mouth of the case into a groove or cannelure, near the base of the projectile. Canneluring can be spaced or continuous. Coning & Canneluring Coning and canneluring employs both the above methods. It gives a firm joint for the larger equipment's. More recently, to give greater sealing against damp, a rubber sealing ring has been incorporated between the projectile and cartridge case.

Answer 151

Loaded directly or into charge bag or bags. Charge bags used in multi – charge systems. Charge bag may be used where charge weight is small in relation to the volume of the case.

Answer 152

Suitable material gives a boundary layer of gas which is cooler that the propellant gas. Reduced cook off with low charges

Answer 153

Nitrocellulose, Kraft paper and resins, resembles hard cardboard.

Answer 154

Fixed Ammunition: Fixed charge weight direct fire. Can be used in automatic weapon/loading systems. All up weight and size should not make handling difficult. Problem in obtaining case/shell joint with heavy projectiles. Required rate of fire of system. Extraction and ejection problems. Disposal of fired case.

Answer 155

Charge can be adjusted indirect fire. Ammunition is easily handled. Stowage problems in SP/AFVs eased due to reduced length compared to fixed ammunition. Use of more than one type of cartridge super and normal.

Answer 156

CASED CHARGES: Propellant is better protected. More robust and easily handled. In large calibres weight of case can be an embarrassment. ``` BAGGED CHARGES: No spent cases to be extracted. Breech design simplified. Fume extractors work more effectively. Additional component has to be loaded tube vent. Ammunition weight is less. Charge adjustment multi charge system. ``` CCC: Cases are ridged. Offer more protection than bagged charges. More susceptible to accidental initiation.

Answer 157

Carrier projectiles are those in which the projectile body is used as a vehicle for conveying a payload to the target area. The projectile body itself plays little or no part in achieving the desired target effects

Answer 158

Smoke, Illum, Conventional anti pers ``` Sub-projectiles incendiary chemical flare radar echo propaganda ```

Answer 159

Shrapnel Canister Flechette

Answer 160

Bursting base ejection noise ejection base emission

Answer 161

Similar shape to a high explosive projectile Filled with substances other than HE Use a Burster to open the projectile to scatter its contents The Burster contains a high explosive which is initiated by the fuse booster Can be utilised for both ground and air burst effects depending on the required terminal results Should range the same as the high explosive projectile Quicker form of payload delivery than base/nose ejection and base emission.

Answer 162

One of the most common designs The payload is ejected through the base of the projectile, usually during flight Essential for the projectile to have a cylindrical internal cavity Must have a weakened base to ensure efficient projection or ejection of the payload The base is enclosed by a base plug which is pinned The method of attachment is designed to give strength during firing yet allow easy removal by inside forces when the projectile is needed to operate The payload is ejected by means of a burster or expelling charge which is initiated by a time fuse Burster/expelling charges often contain black powder Pressure build up inside the projectile caused by the deflagration of the burster/expelling charge eject the payload. The payload will initially tend to follow the trajectory of the projectile and then disperse as appropriate The flash from the burster/expelling charge also ignite the payload container if necessary

Answer 163

Payload is ejected forward Weakened section towards the nose at the end of the parallel position of the body (shoulder) The flash output from the fuse functioning passes down a central channel to ignite an expelling charge. Baffle plate Expelling charge forces the plate forward and shears the weakened section of the nose The contents are then pushed forward and outward

Answer 164

This method of operation is generally met in low velocity weapons such as 2" mortars The flame from the propellant gases is used to ignite a pyrotechnic delay composition in the bomb body This burns through and ignites the main filling Smoke is then emitted from ports at the rear of the bomb Emission often starts while the bomb is in flight but this depends on the angle of projectile and the time of flight.

Answer 165

Target Effect Ballistic performance Strength to withstand firing stresses Economy in manufacture User requirements Safe handling, transportation and storage

Answer 166

Spin stabilisation – up to 7 calibres Large calibre shells – 5-6 calibres

Answer 167

Gas pressure Acceleration Setback Heat Centrifugal Driving band pressures Side slap

Answer 168

Gas pressure Acceleration Setback Heat Centrifugal Driving band pressures Side slap

Answer 169

Nose Drag Nose drag is the major influence in retarding a shell Reduced by the shape of the head Base Drag Base drag is caused by the region of low pressure Base drag may be reduced by streamlining (boat-tailing)

Answer 170

A charge in the form of a pressed pellet or filled container of secondary high explosive designed to amplify the detonation wave produced by a fuse detonator or magazine to ensure efficient detonation of the main charge.

Answer 171

The loading density must be correct Too low means more sensitive High density is required to reduce sensitivity and ensure a high level of propogation

Answer 172

Historically CE has been used but there is now a tendency towards RDX/BWX COMP A Usually referred to as supplementary charges. (this is the explosive part of the exploder)

Answer 173

A cylindrical aluminium container, (filled with either TNT or Comp B) which is used to fill the cavity below the fuse in deep cavity projectiles. It is removed when some proximity fuzes are fitted to the projectile.

Answer 174

Ease of removal. Setback movement eliminated. No explosive migration.

Answer 175

The components used for transmitting the impulse from the fuze or booster to the HE filling.

Summative 4 - Cartridges and Projectiles Flashcards

(201 cards)