Summative Evaluation Flashcards
(36 cards)
Society
A group of people in a specific geographic area who share the same rules and laws
Hunting and Gathering Societies
- People live in “bands” which consists of 35-50 adults and within the group, long-term family units of one male and one female plus their offspring co-exist with other family units.
- Kinship relationships extend the family unit throughout the society and establish important social and economic relationships such as trading
- People lived on food that was either hunted or gathered
THESE SOCIETIES DO NOT HAVE FORMAL EDUCATION AND THE CHILDREN GAIN KNOWLEDGE OF THEIR CULTURE AND LEARN THE NECESSARY SKILLS OF SURVIVAL BY OBSERVING AND IMITATING THEIR PARENTS AND OTHER ADULTS
Agricultural Societies
- humans who have domesticated animals and plants to farm the area they live in, changing the pattern of social organization
- the new technology assures food supplies and leads to a larger concentration of population
- not everyone is involved in food production and there are more and more variations in group member’s standards of living
- in this civilization, kinship is not the only basis for social relations, especially since groups now form around different occupations (groups of farmers, pottery makes, soldiers and priests) and even social class, religious, and political groups
- schooling is limited and the society places an emphasis on practical skills and traditional tasks
THE OPPORTUNITY TO STUDY FURTHER IS AVAILABLE ONLY TO THOSE WHO CAN AFFORD IT
Industrial Societies
- the complexity of social groups among human changes with the onset of the modern industrial society
- very few people are now involved in food production, and while people still belong to a local family, occupations, religious and political groups… modern communications, transportation and increased leisure time has encouraged both adults and children to join clubs, community groups and associations
- these are high income societies where education for everyone is a priority
ALL CHILDREN ARE OBLIGATED, BY LAW, TO GO TO SCHOOL
Post-Industrial Societies
- in the “information age” new technologies such as the internet make global social groups more common and further reduce the importance of family and kinship groups in the twenty-first century
- higher levels of education are needed than in industrial societies as more jobs are found in the field of information technology and service industries than in the industrial production
What is the Bushmen’s idea of the Christmas story?
Praise the birth of the white man’s god-chief
What us the Tswana-Herero custom for Christmas?
Slaughtering an ox for his Bushmen neighbors as an annual goodwill gesture
Why did Richard Boshay Lee go to the Kalahari?
To study the hunting and gathering subsistence economy of the !Kung
Why was it essential that the anthropologist not share his food supplies with the !Kung?
How did they feel about this?
It was essential not to provide them with food, share any food, or interfere in any way with their food-gathering activities because he did not want to influence the natural data.
They felt as though he was being stingy and hard-hearted
How did the Bushmen keep hunters from becoming arrogant? Explain their reasoning?
The Bushmen prevent hunters from becoming arrogant by making fun of the size of what they have hunted and the wisdom of the hunter. This is to keep the hunter humble and prevent them from becoming too proud
What was the message that the Bushmen were trying to make to the Anthropologist?
All “acts” have an element of calculation, and no act is completely generous. In this case, one black ox slaughtered at Christmas does not wipe out a year of careful manipulation of gifts given to serve your own ends
The Impact of Society on Human Development and the 2 Theories
- these theories explain the focus of society and how people are molded to fit the structure*
1. Functionalist Perspective
2. Conflict Perspective
The Functionalist Perspective
Society is a network of cooperating groups sharing many common interests and is unified by a consensus upon certain basic values
SOCIETY IS STABLE BECAUSE IT SERVES THE NEEDS OF ITS CITIZENS
one relative cooperative harmony
The Conflict Perspective
Society is a constant battle between conflicting groups and classes with opposing interests, which are imperfectly papered over by a fabricated and deceptive “consensus” upon basic values
THE LOWER CLASSES ARE FOOLED INTO IMAGINING THAT THEIR INTERESTS AND VALUES ARE NOT IN CONFLICT WITH THOSE OF THE DOMINANT CLASS
continuous conflict between groups and classes
Personality
An individual’s relatively distinctive and consistent patterns of thinking feeling and acting
Charles H. Cooley on Personality
He believed that our sense of self identity is developed during a process very close to socialization
Using the image of a looking glass, he explained how the reactions of others show us who we are, like a mirror.
WE BASE OUR PERSONALITIES OFF OF HOW WE THINK PEOPLE SEE US
Socialization
The process by which a child becomes a participating member of society; through social contact, individuals learn to think and act in certain ways
What did Maslow believe?
Believed that people are not controlled by mechanic forces (the stimuli and reinforcement forces of behaviourism) or unconscious instinctual impulses of psychoanalysis. HUMANS INSTEAD STRIVE TO REACH THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF THEIR CAPABILITIES
What is Maslow’s theory called?
The Hierarchal Theory of Needs:
- SURVIVAL/ PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS: these needs are biological and consist of the need for oxygen, food, water, and a relatively constant body temperature
- SECURITY/ SAFETY NEEDS: except in times of emergency or periods of disorganization in the social structure (such as widespread rioting) adults do not experience their security needs. Children however often display signs of insecurity and their need to be safe
- SOCIAL (LOVE, AFFECTION, BELONGINGNESS) NEEDS: people have needs to escape feelings of loneliness and alienation and give (and) receive love, affection and the sense of belonging
- EGO/ESTEEM NEEDS: people need a stable, firmly based, high level of self-respect, and respect from other in order to feel satisfied, self-confident an valuable. If these needs are not met, the person feels inferior, weak, helpless and worthless
- SELF-ACTUALIZATION FULFILLMENT: Maslow describes self-actualization as an ongoing process. Self actualizing people are, with one single exception, involves in a cause outside their own skin. They are devoted, working at something, something very precious to them -a calling or vocation
Why would people not move up to self-actualization?
The only reason that people would not move through the needs to self-actualization is because of the hindrances placed in their way by society
What are the 3 rules Maslow states that are crucial in achieving each level?
- needs must be met in order from bottom to top
- a need does not exist until the ones beneath it are mastered
- once we master a need we can go back and “play” at that level
IVAN PAVLOV
What is the theory of Classical Conditioning?
The theory of learning through association, more specifically, 2 stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal
Unconditioned Stimulus
Something that NORMALLY causes a reaction in a subject
Conditioned Stimulus
Something that normally would NOT cause a reaction but because of an association with something else, it causes a reaction
