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Psycho 2 > Summurary > Flashcards

Summurary Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

What is the main pathway of communication between the brain and the body?

A

Spinal cord

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2
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

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3
Q

What protects the spinal cord?

A

Vertebral column

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4
Q

Name the three layers of meninges.

A
  • Pia mater (inner layer)
  • Arachnoid (middle layer)
  • Dura mater (outermost layer)
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5
Q

What provides cushioning for the spinal cord?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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6
Q

What shape does the grey matter of the spinal cord resemble?

A

H (butterfly)

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7
Q

What does the dorsal horn of the spinal cord do?

A

Receives sensory neurons

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8
Q

What is the function of the ventral horn in the spinal cord?

A

Contains motor neuron cell bodies

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9
Q

What type of reflex involves a direct connection between sensory and motor neurons?

A

Monosynaptic reflex

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10
Q

True or False: Reflexes can be overridden by signals from the cerebral cortex.

A

True

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11
Q

Which part of the brainstem connects the brain and spinal cord?

A

Brainstem

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12
Q

What are the three main components of the brainstem?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla Oblongata
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13
Q

What is the function of the medulla in the brainstem?

A

Controls vital reflexes (breathing, heart rate, vomiting, coughing)

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14
Q

What does the pons connect?

A

Cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

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15
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for smell?

A

I Olfactory

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16
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

Vision (sensory)

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is involved in eye movement and pupil constriction.

A

Oculomotor nerve

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18
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulates the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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19
Q

Which structure in the diencephalon processes sensory information?

A

Thalamus

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20
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

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21
Q

What is the function of the substantia nigra?

A

Dopamine production, affected in Parkinson’s disease

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22
Q

Which pathway in the basal ganglia facilitates movement?

A

Direct Pathway

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23
Q

What type of disease is Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Neurodegenerative disease

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24
Q

What is the primary role of the cerebellum?

A

Motor function

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25
What clinical test is used to assess cerebellar function?
Finger-to-Nose Test
26
What connects the cerebellum to the brainstem?
Cerebellar peduncles
27
What are the three lobes of the cerebellum?
* Anterior lobe * Posterior lobe * Flocculonodular lobe
28
Which layer of the cerebellar cortex contains Purkinje cells?
Purkinje layer (middle)
29
What type of symptoms do cerebellar lesions typically produce?
Ipsilateral symptoms
30
What is the function of the limbic system?
* Motivation * Emotion * Learning * Memory
31
What regulates physiological states via the autonomic nervous system?
Hypothalamus
32
What is the Papez circuit associated with?
Limbic system structures and emotional responses
33
What regulates physiological states via the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
The hypothalamus ## Footnote The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis.
34
What is the first neural model of emotion proposed in 1937?
Papez Circuit ## Footnote It outlines the pathway of emotional processing in the brain.
35
Which structure is responsible for conscious emotional experience?
Cingulate cortex ## Footnote It integrates emotional responses and cognitive processes.
36
List three key functions of the amygdala.
* Fear * Aggression * Emotional learning ## Footnote The amygdala is vital for processing emotions and responding to threats.
37
What condition results from bilateral damage to the amygdala?
Klüver-Bucy Syndrome ## Footnote This syndrome includes symptoms such as hyperorality and decreased fear responses.
38
What type of memory is conscious and involves facts and experiences?
Declarative (explicit) memory ## Footnote It refers to memories that can be consciously recalled.
39
What is the resting potential of a neuron?
−70 mV ## Footnote At this potential, the inside of the neuron is more negative than the outside.
40
Fill in the blank: The _______ is crucial for converting short-term memories into long-term memories.
hippocampus ## Footnote The hippocampus plays a key role in memory consolidation.
41
What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?
* Pumps 3 Na+ out * Pumps 2 K+ in ## Footnote It helps maintain the resting potential of the neuron.
42
What are the three layers of the meninges?
* Pia mater * Arachnoid * Dura mater ## Footnote These layers protect the brain and spinal cord.
43
What is the role of the blood-brain barrier?
Prevents harmful substances from entering the brain ## Footnote It also helps maintain a stable environment for the brain.
44
What happens during depolarization of a neuron?
Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes in ## Footnote This process makes the inside of the neuron more positive.
45
True or False: The hippocampus is the final storage site for long-term memories.
False ## Footnote Long-term memories are stored in the cortex, not the hippocampus.
46
What is the primary cause of Korsakoff’s Syndrome?
Chronic alcohol consumption leading to thiamine deficiency ## Footnote This syndrome results in severe memory impairments.
47
What is the effect of neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitors?
Prevent neurotransmitter reabsorption ## Footnote SSRIs are examples that increase serotonin levels in the brain.
48
List two major blood vessels supplying the brain.
* Internal carotid arteries * Vertebral arteries ## Footnote These arteries ensure adequate blood flow to the brain.
49
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Shock absorption and buoyancy for the brain ## Footnote CSF reduces the effective weight of the brain and protects it from injury.
50
Fill in the blank: The _______ is essential for the fight-or-flight response.
norepinephrine ## Footnote Norepinephrine increases alertness and prepares the body for action.
51
What is the consequence of a hemorrhagic stroke?
Increased brain pressure and neuronal damage ## Footnote This type of stroke is caused by a ruptured blood vessel.
52
What causes an ischemic stroke?
Blocked blood vessel ## Footnote This blockage leads to a lack of oxygenated blood and subsequent brain tissue death.
53
What is the primary role of the amygdala's lateral nucleus?
Learning fear associations ## Footnote It helps in forming memories related to fear-inducing stimuli.
54
What are the symptoms of meningitis?
* Headache * Fever * Vomiting * Neck stiffness * Sensitivity to light ## Footnote These symptoms result from inflammation of the meninges.
55
What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement?
Acetylcholine (ACh) ## Footnote ACh is critical for initiating muscle contractions.
56
What is the primary function of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?
Protects the CNS by preventing harmful substances from entering and maintains ion balance for proper neuron function.
57
What structural feature of brain capillaries contributes to the impermeability of the BBB?
Capillaries in the brain lack gaps.
58
What role do transport proteins play in the Blood-Brain Barrier?
Control the movement of essential substances (e.g., glucose, amino acids).
59
What experiment did Ehrlich conduct to demonstrate the existence of the BBB?
Discovered that dyes injected into the bloodstream did not stain the brain.
60
Where is the Area Postrema located and what is its function?
Located in the medulla, it detects toxins in the blood and triggers vomiting to prevent poisoning.
61
List the protective structures of the brain.
* Cranium * Meninges * CSF * BBB
62
What are the three layers of the meninges?
* Dura mater (tough outer layer) * Arachnoid mater (CSF circulation) * Pia mater (follows brain surface)
63
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Circulates through ventricles & subarachnoid space and drains into dural venous sinuses.
64
What condition is caused by the build-up of cerebrospinal fluid due to blockage?
Hydrocephalus
65
What are the two types of stroke?
* Hemorrhagic (bleeding) * Ischemic (blockage)
66
True or False: The Blood-Brain Barrier allows all substances to enter the brain.
False
67
Fill in the blank: The Blood-Brain Barrier protects the brain from toxins, except in the _______.
area postrema

Psycho 2 (7 decks)

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