SUN CARE Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
are personal care products designed to provide photoprotection against the harmful radiation of the sun, including both UVA and UVB radiations
A
SUN CARE PRODUCTS
2
Q
Clothing and umbrellas
were used for sun protection.
A
EARLY AGES: ANCIENT EGYPT, MEDOPOTAMIA, CHINA, INDIA
3
Q
In early ages ____ and ____
were used for sun protection.
A
CLOTHING, UMBRELLAS
4
Q
Many forms of physical protection have been used, including oils, tars
and herbs, and plant exracts.
A
VIRTORIAN JIMES
5
Q
In Victorian Jimes many forms of physical
protection have been used, including ____, ____ and ____, and ____.
A
OILS, TARS and HERBS and PLANT EXTRACTS
6
Q
It was widely believed that sunburn was
caused by heat damage.
A
19th CENTURY
7
Q
Johann Ritter discovered UV light. UV radiation was causing skin cells to
become inflamed; not heat, that caused sunburn.
A
1801
8
Q
In 1801_____ discovered _____. UV radiation was causing skin cells to become inflamed; not heat, that caused sunburn.
A
JOHANN RITTER
UV LIGHT
9
Q
Everard Home discovered that melanin
protects the skin from sunlight.
A
1820
10
Q
In 1820, He discovered that melanin
protects the skin from sunlight
A
EVERARD HOME
11
Q
Everard Home discovered that _____
protects the skin from sunlight.
A
MELANIN
12
Q
Karl Eilham Hausser and Wilhelm Vahle discovered specific UV wavelengths
caused sunburn and developed a sunscreen in the US.
A
LATE 1920’s
13
Q
They discovered specific UV wavelengths
caused sunburn and developed a sunscreen in the US.
A
KARL EILHAM HAUSSER
WILHELM VAHLE
14
Q
The first commercially available sunscreen product was introduced by Eugene
Schueller in France, the founder of L’Oréal
A
1930’s
15
Q
In 1930’s, the first commercially
available sunscreen product was introduced by _____ in ____, the founder of L’Oréal
A
EUGENE SCHUELLER in FRANCE
16
Q
Franz Greiter in Austria created a product called Glacier Cream to protect
against the sun while climbing.
A
LATE 1930’s
17
Q
In late 1830’s he created a product called Glacier Cream to protect against the sun while climbing.
A
FRANZ GREITER in AUSTRIA
18
Q
Franz Greiter in Austria created a product called _____ to protect against the sun while climbing.
A
GLACIER CREAM
19
Q
The first Sunscreen Product was invented in ____ by ____, which was known as “red vet pet”
A
FLORIDA
BENJAMIN GREEN
20
Q
The first Sunscreen Product was invented in Florida by Benjamin Green, which was known as “red vet pet”
A
1940s
21
Q
In 1940s, The first Sunscreen Product was invented in Florida by Benjamin
Green, which was known as?
A
RED VET PET
22
Q
The concept of SPF was
introduced in the ____ by
Franz Greiter.
A
1960s
23
Q
The concept of SPF was
introduced in the 1960s by?
A
FRANZ GREITER
24
Q
FDA reclassified sunscreens from cosmetics to OTC drugs, and labeling
requirements became stricter.
A
1972
25
Consumers started to learn
more about the negative
effects of sunlight, and suntan
lotions and similar products
began to disappear.
1980s
26
Today, many personal care products, including lipsticks, facial creams, and hand
creams, contain UV filters
PRESENT
27
Today, many personal care
products, including ____, ____, and ____, contain UV filters
LIPSTICKS, FACIAL CREAMS, HAND CREAMS
28
The sun emits a constant flow of energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation, which ranges over a wide spectrum of
wavelengths. The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into categories
defined by the size of the wavelength, frequency, and energy
THE LIGHT SPECTRUM
29
The sun emits a constant flow of energy in the form of _______, which ranges over a wide spectrum of wavelengths. The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into categories defined by the size of the wavelength, frequency, and energy
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
30
The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into categories defined by the size of the ____, ____, and ____
WAVELENGTH
FREQUENCY
ENERGY
31
-does not penetrate the body
- ranges from 100 to 280 nm and is
blocked out by the ozone layer
UVC
32
UVC ranges from ____ to ____ and is
blocked out by the ozone layer
100 to 280 NM
33
- ranges from 280 to 320 nm
- Mainly penetrate the superficial skin layers, i.e., epidermis.
- Major cause of sunburn.
UVB
34
UVB ranges from?
280 to 320 NM
35
- radiation ranges from 320 to 400 nm.
- It penetrate deeper into the skin,
down to the dermis.
UVA
36
UVA radiation ranges from?
320 to 400 NM
37
UVA II range
320 to 340 NM
38
UVA I range
340 to 400 NM
39
a measure that indicates how long it takes for UV rays to redden protected skin (i.e., skin with sunscreen) compared to unprotected skin (i.e., skin without
sunscreen).
SPF
40
( As the SPF value increases, sunburn protection increases)
41
UV rays are the strongest in areas close to the equator
GEORAPHY
42
High altitudes have greater UV
exposure.
ALTITUDE
43
The sun's angle in relation to the Earth varies according to season.
TIME OF THE YEAR
44
UV is most intense when the sun is at its highest point in the sky.
TIME OF THE DAY
45
One can get sunburn even on a cloudy day.
WEATHER CONDITIONS
46
Some surfaces, such as sand and water, can reflect UV radiation
REFLECTION
47
Fair-skinned consumers are likely to
absorb more solar energy than dark-skinned consumers
SKIN TYPE
48
____-skinned consumers are likely to
absorb more solar energy than ____-skinned consumers
FAIR, DARK
49
More sunscreen results in less solar energy absorption.
THE AMOUNT OF SUNSCREEN APPLIED
50
Sunscreens wear off over time, therefore, reapplication frequency is critical for optimal effectiveness
REAPPLICATION OF SUNSCREEN
51
2 criteria if sun protection:
• BROAD-SPECTRUM PROTECTION
• WATER RESISTANCE
52
• Protection against both UVA and UVB rays.
• In order to prevent the long-term effects,
protection is needed against both types of rays.
• Broad-Spectrum protection is the new
requirement for sunscreens
BROAD-SPECTRUM PROTECTION
53
is the new requirement for sunscreens
BROAD-SPECTRUM PROTECTION
54
____, ____, and ____ can reduce the efficacy of sunscreens by rubbing them off and
washing them off from the skin.
SWEATING
SWIMMING
OTHER WATER EXPOSURE
55
According to the FDA monograph on sunscreens, products can be labeled as “_____” or “_____” depending on how long they can retain the stated SPF after immersion in water
WATER REISTANT
VERY WATER RESISTANT
56
• Sweating, swimming, and other water exposure can reduce the efficacy of sunscreens by rubbing them off and
washing them off from the skin.
• According to the FDA monograph on sunscreens, products can be labeled as “water resistant” or “very water
resistant” depending on how long they can retain the
stated SPF after immersion in water
WATER RESISTANCE
57
can affect human health, both positively and negatively
UV RADIATION
58
plays a significant role in bone health and
helps prevent osteoporosis and osteomalacia.
VITAMIN D
59
Vitamin D plays a significant role in bone health and helps prevent _____ and _____.
OSTEOPOROSIS
OSTEOMALACIA
60
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE EFFECTS?
• Its main positive effect is related to vitamin D production in human skin, which is catalyzed by UVB light.
- Vitamin D plays a significant role in bone health and helps prevent osteoporosis and osteomalacia.
- lowers blood pressure in hypertensive patients; the incidence and severity of cardiovascular disorders,
- type 2 diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis; and also helps prevent tooth loss.
- reduce the mortality from various cancers (colon, breast, prostate, ovarian, and melanoma)
POSITIVE
61
helpful in certain skin conditions that do
not respond to other methods of therapy, such as psoriasis, eczema, certain fungal skin infections, and acne.
PHOTOTHERAPY
62
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE EFFECT
Phototherapy is helpful in certain skin conditions that do not respond to other methods of therapy, such as psoriasis,
eczema, certain fungal skin infections, and acne.
POSITIVE
63
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE EFFECT
Sun exposure has also been found helpful to reduce the severity of depression In patients with seasonal affective
disorders.
POSITIVE
64
the deadliest form of skin cancer?
MELANOMA
65
a sign of skin damage and accelerates aging; and can also increase the risk for all types of skin cancer.
TANNING
66
proven human carcinogen; considered the main cause of non-melanoma skin cancers, including basal cell
carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
UV
67
is one of the major risks for the development of melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer
UV RADIATION
68
UV radiation is linked with various eye diseases, including _____ and _____.
CATARACT FORMATION
RETINAL DEGENERATION
69
UV radiation causes the production of ____, which makes the skin darker
MELANIN
70
are designed to provide photoprotection against the harmful radiation of the sun, including both UVA and UVB radiations. The protection they provide can be through chemical and/or physical methods. Are available in a variety of dosage forms, including creams, lotions, sticks, wipes, gels, as well as aerosols.
SUNSCREENS
71
Two main categories of sunscreen products:
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
72
products whose main purpose is to provide photoprotection for the
skin, such as beach sunscreens and products used for outdoor activities.
PRIMARY
73
products that have a primary use other than skin protection, such as daily moisturizing creams, anti aging creams, and color cosmetics, such as facial foundations.
SECONDARY
74
are designed to be used after exposure to the sun or other UV radiation. After sunbathing, even without any signs of redness, appropriate skin care is recommended.
AFTER-SUN PRODUCTS
75
help smooth and moisturize the skin as well as provide a cooling effect and relieve pain resulting from sunburn. Product forms include lotions, creams, and gels
AFTER-SUN PRODUCT/ PREPARATION
76
- Provide protection against both UVB and UVA radiation
- Allow some tanning
- Water-resistant
SUNSCREENS
77
Technical qualities of sun care products:
• PROVEN EFFICACY AND/OR PERFORMANCE
• LONG- TERM STABILITY
• APPROPRIATE TEXTURE
• APPROPRIATE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
• PHOTOSTABILITY
• DERMATOLOGICAL SAFETY
78
main ingredients of sunscreen
UV FILTERS
79
ingredients of sunscreens and are identified on product labels as active ingredients.
UV FILTERS
80
UV filters are classified into
two groups based on their
mechanism of action:
• PHYSICAL SUNSCREENS
• CHEMICAL SUNSCREENS
81
- inorganic UV filters"
- reflect and scatter UV radiation
- two approved physical filters: titanium dioxide (Ti02) and zinc oxide (ZnO)
PHYSICAL SUNSCREENS
82
Example of physical sunscreens:
TITANIUM DIOXIDE (TiO2), ZINC OXIDE (ZnO)
83
- “organic UV filters"
- aromatic compounds
- UVB absorbing filters: octinoxate, octisalate, and padimate O.
- UVA absorbing filters: avobenzone, oxybenzone, and meradimate
CHEMICAL SUNSCREENS
84
Chemical Sunscreens
UVB absorbing filters:
OCTINOXATE
OCTISALATE
PADIMATE O.
85
Chemical Sunscreens
UVA absorbing filters:
AVOBENZONE
OXYBENZONE
MERADIMATE
86
used to increase their water-resistance
properties.
WATERPROOFING AGENTS
87
Waterproofing agents:
SILICONE OILS (DIMETHICONE 350, CYCLEMETHICONE, AND TRIMETHYLSILOXYSILICATE)
88
prevent the degradation of organic UV filters.
PHOTOSTABILIZERS
89
Photostabilizers:
OCTOCRYLENE (for avobenzone), TITANIUM DIOXIDE, POLYESTER-8
90
help increase water resistance since they
are not washed off easily
EMOLLIENTS
91
Emollients:
MINERAL OIL, SHEA BUTTER, CASTOR OIL, COCOA BUTTER, ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE, ISOHEXADECANE, PARAFFIN and SILICONES.
92
essential ingredient in O/W and W/O
emulsions as well as in gels.
WATER
93
used to provide the appropriate stability
for the products.
EMULSIFIER
94
Emulsifier:
• glyceryl stearate
• PEG-100stearate
• cetyl alcohol
• polyglyceryl-3-methylglucose distearate,
• cetyl dimethicone copolyol.
95
act as rheology modifiers; they affect application, spreadability, and efficacy
of sunscreens.
THICKENERS
96
help form an even and uniform film on the skin after application and drying.
FILM-FORMING INGREDIENTS
97
help prevent oxidative reaction.
ANTIOXIDANTS
98
Antioxidants:
VITAMIN E and C
99
necessary when water is
present in the formulation
PRESERVATIVES
100
Provides moisturization:
HUMECTANT
101
contribute to the stability of the system.
CHELATINF AGENTS
102
essential in aerosol
sunscreens, they help
expel the content of the
aerosol can.
PROPELLANTS
103
are the most popular since they offer a
variety of textures (sprayable lotions, thicker lotions, and creams)
EMULSIONS
104
the multiposition spray nozzles allow for
quick and easy application by covering a relatively large area on the body, and it is also one of the most popular formulations.
AEROSOL SPRAYS
105
provide a nice skin feel and absorb quickly; howeve, providing water-resistance properties for gels is quite difficult.
GELS
106
are available as lipsticks and lip balms as
well as sticks for babies.
STICKS
107
were quite popular years ago when
many people used low-SPF products and wanted a deep- colored tan.
OINTMENT AND OILS
108
the latest sunscreen formulations, which are similar to wet facial wipes. These are pre-moistened by the manufacturer.
WIPES
109
containing sunscreens (which are
considered drugs for this reason).
• BB creams, CC creams, facial liquid
foundation
COSMETIC PRODUCTS
110
otherwise known as sunburn preparations, are used to hydrate the skin and soothe irritated, red, burnt skin. Even if no sunburn occurs, after exposure to UV radiation, the skin needs care, including soothing, smoothing, and moisturizing.
AFTER-SUN PREPARATIONS
111
an acute inflammatory skin reaction for excessive exposure to UV radiation, which can come from a variety of sources, including sun, tanning beds, and phototherapy lamps.
SUNBURN
112
- Generally classified as a superficial or a first-degree burn.
- It can cause various signs and symptoms, such as tenderness, mild pain upon
touch, itching, and redness, which may be followed by scaling.
SUNBURN
113
- Vitalization and hydration of skin are very important after sun exposure to
help the skin maintain or restore its healthy status.
- Most after-sun formulations are O/W emulsions (such as lotions, creams, and
sprays) and gels containing moisturizers as well as anti-inflammatory agents and antioxidants
SUN CARE AFTER SUN EXPOSURE
114
helps alleviate pain, redness, and burning.
SOOTHING AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
115
provides an immediate short cold sensation. They soothe and alleviate the warm sensation and tenseness of sun-irritated skin, for a short period of time.
COOLING AGENTS
116
helps replenish the depleted antioxidant pool and/or boost the antioxidant defense of the horny layer.
ANTIOXIDANTS
117
help replace the water lost during sun exposure to improve elasticity and dryness by maintaining moisture levels.
MOISTURIZERS
118
Example of moisturizers:
HUMECTANT
EMOLLIENT
119
Example of Antioxidants:
VITAMIN E
VITAMIN A
GREEN TEA EXTRACT
POMEGRANATE EXTRACT
120
Cooling agents examples:
MENTHOL, EUCALYPTUS, ALCOHOL
HUMECTANTS and EMOLLIENTS
121
SOOTHING and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY:
• AZULENE and BISABOLOL (FROM CHAMOMILE), ALLANTOIN, ALOE EXTRACT, and PENTHENOL
• WITCH HAZEL (ASTRINGENT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY)
122
Typical Quality Problems of
Sun Care Products:
• VALVE CLOGGING
• SEPARATION OF EMULSIONS
• MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION
• CLUMPING
• RANCIDIFICATION
123
it is usually determined by measuring the weight loss over time, it is also known as aerosol discharge rate.
SPRAY RATE
124
refers to the area of the sunscreen spray that hits the skin.
SPRAY PATTERN
125
are formed upon expansion and rapid
evaporation of the propellant after expelling the product from the can.
SUNSCREEN SPRAY DROPLET
126
a basic requirement for all aerosol containers. One of the general
testing methods is the immersion method
AEROSOL CAN LEAKAGE
127
allows the measurement of the force required to release sunscreens from aerosol cans
ACTUATION FORCE FOR AEROSOL CANS
128
it subjects the containers to hot water.
PRESSURE TEST
129
hardness for sunscreen sticks depends on the type and the ratio of the ingredients.
STUCK HARDNESS
130
It is an indication of the limit of safe storage.
MELTING POINT OF STICKS
131
a sunscreen stick should withstand a range of conditions
to which is will be subjected in the consumer's handbag.
SOFTENING POINT OF STICKS
132
refers to the weight of a product transferred to a surface, for
example, the skin, upon application
PAY-OFF AND GLIDE
133
Safety Concerns:
• ORGANIC SUNSCREENS
• PHOTOSTABILITY OF ORGANIC SUNSCREENS
• NANOPARTICLES IN SUNSCREENS
• AEROSOL SUNSCREENS
134
One of the major concerns
regarding the use of organic
sunscreens is the possibility
of skin penetration and, as a
consequence, potential
toxic systemic effects.
ORGANIC SUNSCREENS
135
An additional issue with regard to many organic sunscreens is their photostability/photo instability.
PHOTOSTABILITY OF ORGANIC SUNSCREENS
136
TiO2 and ZnO are frequently used in
sunscreens either alone or in combination with each other as physical UV filters.
The main drawback of regular-sized materials is that they provide a white
appearance when applied to the skin.
NANOPARTICLES IN SUNSCREENS
137
As sprays may be inhaled
intentionally, it is important
to see whether it would
pose any risk to consumers
AEROSOL SUNSCREENS
138
Packaging of Sun Care Products:
• PLASTIC BOTTLES
• AEROSOL CANS
• WIPES
139
The majority of the sunscreens and after-sun preparations are supplied in
plastic bottles, usually with a flip-top cap. Some low-viscosity sunscreens as well as
sunbathing oils are packed into plastic bottles with a pump head.
PLASTIC BOTTLES
140
Aerosol sunscreens are packaged
_____. These are one-compartment
cans, where the formulation
and the propellant are mixed together.
AEROSOL CANS
141
These are ready-to- use, pre-wetted formulations. These are usually packed into soft sachets with either a
resealable flap or a flip-top cap.
WIPES
