Superficial Back

Question 1

What are dermatomes?

Answer 1

area of skin innervated by fibers from a single spinal nerve or spinal cord segment
- not definitive, overlap between segments

Question 2

What are the different types of fascia?

Answer 2

superficial and deep

Question 3

Where is superficial fascia found?

Answer 3

subcutaneous tissue (just below the skin)
- between skin and deep fascia

Question 4

What is the function of superficial fascia?

Answer 4

• storage area for body fat
• covers most of the body
• not well organized

Question 5

Where is deep fascia?

Answer 5

strong, dense, well organized layer of connective tissue

• becomes continuous with periosteum where muscles attach to bones
• helps form compartments

Question 6

What are the different types of deep fascia?

Answer 6

investing layer
intermuscular septa
retinaculum

Question 7

Investing layer

Answer 7

• covers deeper structures

- invests deeper structures such as muscles and neurovascular bundles

Question 8

Intermuscular septa

Answer 8

separates muscles into groups

Question 9

Retinaculum

Answer 9

thickening of deep fascia across tendons of muscles at joints

Question 10

What is another name of superficial back muscles (extrinsic layer)?

Answer 10

axioappendicular muscles

Question 11

What’s the function of superficial back muscles?

Answer 11

movement of upper limb

Question 12

What are the superficial back muscles?

Answer 12

Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major and minor

Question 13

What is the origin of trapezius?

Answer 13

occipital bone
ligamentum nuchae
spinous process of C7-T12

Question 14

What is the insertion of trapezius?

Answer 14

lateral 1/3 of clavicle

acromion and spine of scapula

Question 15

What are the actions of trapezius?

Answer 15

1) holds upper limb to trunk
2) adducts (retract) scapula - middle fibers
3) raises scapula - upper fibers
4) depresses scapula - lower fibers
5) rotates scapula so that inferior angle is moved
6) laterally for abduction of upper limb above horizontal position

Question 16

What is the motor innervation of trapezius?

Answer 16

CN XI (spinal accessory nerve)

Question 17

What is the sensory innervation of trapezius?

Answer 17

C3, C4 (ventral primary rami)

- pain and proprioception

Question 18

What is the blood supply to trapezius?

Answer 18

superficial branch of transverse cervical artery

- located on deep surface of muscle

Question 19

What happens to trapezius when there’s nerve injury ?

Answer 19

drooping of scapula (shoulder)

- shoulder drop

Question 20

How do you test the strength of trapezius?

Answer 20

shrug against resistance

Question 21

What is the origin of latissimus dorsi?

Answer 21

• spinous process of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae
• thoracolumbar fascia
• iliac crest and lower 3 or 4 ribs

Question 22

What is the insertion of latissimus dorsi?

Answer 22

humers (intertubercular groove)

- between Teres major and pectoralis major

Question 23

What innervates latissimus dorsi?

Answer 23

thoracodorsal nerve (C6,7,8 level of spinal cord) from brachial plexus

Question 24

What vessel provides blood supply to latissimus dorsi?

Answer 24

thoracodorsal artery

Question 25

What is the action of latissimus dorsi?

Answer 25

- adducts upper limb - extends upper limb - medial rotatation of upper limb (butterfly stroke)

Question 26

What happens to latissimus dorsi when its nerve supply sustains injury?

Answer 26

unable to raise the trunk with the upper limbs during climbing

Question 27

What is the triangle of auscultation?

Answer 27

small triangular gap between muscles near the inferior angle of scapula - bounded by trapezius, latissimus dorsi and medial border of scapula - good place to listen for respiratory sounds with stethoscope (less muffled)

Question 28

What is the origin of levator scapulae?

Answer 28

transverse processes of first 3 or 4 cervical vertebrae

Question 29

What is the insertion of levator scapulae?

Answer 29

superior angle of scapula and along its upper medial border

Question 30

What innervates levator scapulae?

Answer 30

dorsal scapular nerve (C5) and 3rd and 4th cervical nerves

Question 31

What is the action of levator scapulae?

Answer 31

raises scapula

Question 32

What is the origin of rhomboid major and minor?

Answer 32

spines of lower cervical (C7) and upper thoracic (T1 - T5) vertebrae

Question 33

What is the insertion of rhomboid major and minor?

Answer 33

medial border of scapula

Question 34

What is the blood supply to rhomboid major and minor?

Answer 34

dorsal scapular artery

Question 35

What is the action of rhomboid major and minor?

Answer 35

- adduct scapula | - rotate scapula so the glenoid cavity moves inferiorly

Question 36

What innervates rhomboid major and minor?

Answer 36

dorsal scapular nerve (ventral ramus of C5) and some fibers of C4

Question 37

What happens to rhomboid major and minor if the nerve supplying is injured?

Answer 37

dorsal scapular nerve results in inability to adduct scapula

Question 38

What are the intermediate back muscles?

Answer 38

serratus posterior superior | serratus posterior inferior

Question 39

What is the origin of serratus posterior superior?

Answer 39

ligamentum nuchae and spines of C7 to T3 vertebrae

Question 40

What is the insertion of serratus posterior superior?

Answer 40

2nd to 4th ribs

Question 41

What innervates serratus posterior superior?

Answer 41

first 3 thoracic spinal nerves

Question 42

What is the action of serratus posterior superior?

Answer 42

elevates ribs

Question 43

What is the origin of serratus posterior inferior?

Answer 43

T11 to L2 vertebral spines

Question 44

What is the insertion of serratus posterior inferior?

Answer 44

lower 4 ribs

Question 45

What innervates serratus posterior inferior?

Answer 45

last 4 thoracic nerves

Question 46

What is the action of serratus posterior inferior?

Answer 46

aids in respiration by holding ribs steady when diaphragm moves up

Question 47

What is the primary function of intermediate back muscles?

Answer 47

respiration

Question 48

Name this muscle: - very broad flat muscle, covers inferior half of the back (T6 to iliac crest), attaches the upper limb to the trunk and acts on the shoulder joint

Answer 48

Latissimus dorsi

Question 49

Name this muscle: - flat triangular muscle, provides direct attachment of pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton, helps to suspend upper limb from the trunk, covers back of neck and upper half of the trunk, attaches the pectoral girdle to the skull and vertebral column, muscle fibers are divided into three parts

Answer 49

trapezius

Question 50

What is the primary action of deep back muscles?

Answer 50

movement of vertebral column