Surface Processes and River Systems

Question 1

What is the first type of weathering? Give some examples

Answer 1

Mechanical Weathering frost wedging, creation of talus slopes.

Question 2

What is the second type of weathering? Give some examples

Answer 2

Chemical weathering, involves a change of chemistry, oxidate-rust

Question 3

What is the third type of weathering? Give some examples

Answer 3

Biological weathering, root wedging, animal burrowing, decaying organisms, mining, road construction

Question 4

What is the top layer on a soil horizon?

Answer 4

O: organic material

Question 5

What is the second layer on a soil horizon?

Answer 5

A:Mineral Matter + humus

Question 6

What is layer E in a soil horizon?

Answer 6

Leached light colored zone

Question 7

what is layer B in a soil horizon?

Answer 7

Accumulation of leached Materials

Question 8

What is layer C in soil horizon?

Answer 8

Partly weathered bedrock

Question 9

Bottom layer of soil horizon?

Answer 9

R, unweathered bedrock

Question 10

Residual Soils?

Answer 10

Form in place from bedrock.

Question 11

What are Transported Soils moved by?

Answer 11

Moved by water, wind, or ice.

Question 12

Clay?

Answer 12

Most stable weathering product.

Question 13

Tree-like; common in uniform rock drainage pattern?

Answer 13

Dendtritic

Question 14

Right-angle bends; fractures in bedrock.

Answer 14

Rectangular

Question 15

Radial drainage patterns?

Answer 15

Flows outward from a high point (volcano, dome).

Question 16

Trellis drainage patterns

Answer 16

Parallel streams separated by ridges

Question 17

Stream Capacity?

Answer 17

Max total load a stream can carry

Question 18

Stream Competence

Answer 18

Largest particle a stream can move.

Question 19

What are some depositional features?

Answer 19

Floodplains

Natural Levees

Point Bars & Cut Banks

Oxbow Lakes

Deltas: Sediment at river mouth into standing water.

Alluvial Fans: Cone-shaped deposits on land.

Braided Streams: High sediment load, variable discharge.

Question 20

if ablation is < accumulation?

Answer 20

glacier advancing

Question 21

if ablation is > accumulation?

Answer 21

glacier retreating

Question 22

If ablation = accumulation?

Answer 22

glacier stationary

Question 23

Ablation?

Answer 23

Loss of ice or snow by melting, sublimation, or calving.

Question 24

Abrasion?

Answer 24

Scraping of bedrock by debris embedded in glacier ice.

Question 25

What's carved by valley glaciers?

Answer 25

U-shaped valleys

Question 26

small tributary valleys left 'hanging' above main valleys

Answer 26

hanging valleys

Question 27

What's a cirque?

Answer 27

bowl-shaped basins where glaciers begin

Question 27

What's a fjord?

Answer 27

flooded U-shaped valleys near coasts

Question 28

Arêtes

Answer 28

sharp ridges between cirques

Question 29

Horns

Answer 29

pyramid-shaped peaks (e.g., the Matterhorn)

Question 30

bedrock hills smoothed on one side and steep on the other

Answer 30

Roches moutonnées

Question 31

Name one glacial deposit

Answer 31

Till – Unsorted mix of clay, silt, sand, gravel, boulders (deposited directly by ice).

Question 32

Name another glacial deposit that starts with an m?

Answer 32

Moraines( terminal, lateral, medial recessional and ground

Question 33

Sorted sand and gravel deposited by meltwater streams

Answer 33

outwash glacial deposit

Question 34

Wind-blown silt and clay from glacial outwash. Fertile soils, deposited far from glacier.

Answer 34

Loess glacial deposit?

Question 35

Hills of sorted sand and gravel left by meltwater in glacier depressions.

Answer 35

Kames glacial deposit

Question 36

Erratics glacial deposit?

Answer 36

Large boulders transported by ice

Question 37

Depressions formed by melting buried ice blocks, often filled with water

Answer 37

Kettles glacial deposit

Question 38

Long, narrow ridges of sand and gravel deposited by streams that flowed in tunnels beneath glaciers.

Answer 38

Esker deposits

Question 39

Stratified

Answer 39

Arranged in layers

Question 40

What are the levels of a soil horizon in order?

Answer 40

OABCR

Question 41

paternoster lakes

Answer 41

string of lakes in a ushaped valley

Question 42

col

Answer 42

broken down area in an arete pass