Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

VMS4001 SEM 2 > Surgery of the male reprod tract > Flashcards

Surgery of the male reprod tract Flashcards

(56 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Indications for sx of scrotum

A
  • Trauma
  • Neoplasia
  • MCT, SCC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Indications for sx of the testes

A
  • Cryptorchidism
  • Testicular torsion
  • Orchitis
  • Neoplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What therapeutic/diagnostic indications for orchiectomy?

A
  • Testicular Neoplasia
  • Testicular Torsion
  • Behavioural Modification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Indication for preventative/ELECTIVE orchiectomy

A

*Perineal hernia
*Perineal adenoma
*Prostatic hyperplasia
*Testicular neoplasia
*Prevention of genetic
linked disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Obesity risk of neutering?

A

➢ Neutered animals = ↑ overweight
➢ It is not clear if age at neutering affects this
➢ Some studies, neutered animals have ↓ metabolic rate
➢ Others have found comparable metabolic rates

PROPER management important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What other risks of neutering?

A

» Osteosarcoma?
» Haemangiosarcoma?
» Lymphoma?
» MCT?
» CCl rupture?
» Hip dysplasia?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What alternative to castration?

A

Superlorin?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Benefits of neutering?

A
  • Increased LONGEVITY
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What other benefits maybe more relevant to cats?

A

» Population control
* Shelter population, euthanasia, neglect
* Increased adoption rates, reduced euthanasia
» Risks of reproduction
» Behaviour modification
» Reduced roaming/interdog agression
» ↓FeLV, FIV - cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dog Bhvr mods from castrating?

A
  • castration
  • ↓ roaming 90%,
  • ↓ aggression between males 62%,
  • ↓ urine marking 50%,
  • ↓ mounting 80%

entire dogs more liekly to bite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cat castration effect on bhvr?

A
  • ↓ fighting
  • ↓ urine spraying
  • ↓ roaming
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Summarise the overall benefits & risks of Neutering males

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some complications of orchiectomy?

A
  • Scrotal bruising and swelling
  • Haemorrhage
  • Scrotal haematoma
  • Infection
  • Self-trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the reported incidence of orchiectomy complications?

A

6.1% most minor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can we avoid Haemorrhage/ Scrotal haematoma?

A

➢ Consider scrotal ablation in older dogs with pendulous scrotum
➢ Closed castration may decrease incidence of scrotal haematoma
➢ Open castration may provide more secure ligatures
➢ Double ligate/transfixing ligatures
➢ Check stumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How to avoid infection/self trauma

A

Buster collar/ tshirt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How to manage scrotal haematoma

A
  • analgesia and local cooling +/- sedation/limiting activity
  • may progress to necrosis of scrotal skin → scrotal ablation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How to manage haemorrhage ?

A

Normally from tunic; self-limiting, causing incisional hemorrhage, bruising, scrotal hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How to manage haemorrhage from the vascular pedicle

A
  • may require a second surgery to explore
  • dripping from wound vs haemoperitoneum (pale mm/tachycardia/slow recovery from anaesthesia)
  • through original incision or caudal midline laparotomy – parapreputial
  • US, coag, platelet count
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Give some top tips for canine castrate

A

➢ Use the technique you are most comfortable with
➢ Don’t resect spermatic cord too far away testicle
➢ Strip away all fat/tissue prior to ligating the cord for closed castration
➢ Be careful when recommending castration for behavioural reasons
➢ For cat castration, take care not to damage the penis when incising the scrotum
➢ For most animals, 2-0, 3-0 synthetic absorbable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What surgical procedures of male reprod tract?

A
  • Orchiectomy -> open, closed, cryptorchid, tumour
  • Vasectomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

True/False Cryptorchidism is the msot common congenital defect of reprod tract in dogs

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe cryptorchidism

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Failure of one or both testes to descend
  • normally between birth and six months
  • abdominal, inguinal, prescrotal
  • Sex-linked autosomal recessive
24
Q

Who gets cryptorchidism?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • 7% in dogs, 1% in cats
  • small breeds, boxer, GSD
  • Right testicle more common in dogs (equal in cat)
  • Bilateral → infertile
25
What risks are associated with cryptorchidism
* ↑ testicular neoplasia X10-13 in retained, occurs at earlier age * increased in descended testicle as well * ↑ risk of torsion
26
Cryptorchid Tx
* Orchiectomy * palpation +/- ultrasound determine location * Technique of removal based on location * +/- histology * Laparoscopic removal if abdominal
27
How to deal with abdominal cryptorchid?
* Caudal ventral midline laparotomy * Anywhere along the line of descent * From caudal pole of the kidney to the inguinal canal * Reflecting bladder can help to locate ductus deferens
28
What happens with torsion?
* more common if enlarged, neoplastic, intra-abdominal testis * →occlusion of venous drainage; engorgement → necrosis
29
Diagnosing testicular torsion?
* Acute pain, enlarged, scrotal swelling, reluctance to stand or walk * intra-abdominal →acute abdominal pain (beware bilateral cryptorchid) * US
30
Tx of Torsion?
Surgical emergency * Stabilise + orchiectomy without de-rotation of testicle * + histopathology
31
What causes Orchitis/epididymitis?
» Bacteria infection * trauma, retrograde via urine or prostatic secretions, bacteraemia, infected lymph * Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Mycoplasma
32
Diagnosing orchitis/ epididymitis?
* acute pain, scrotal swelling, reluctance to stand or walk * may need to sedate to exam * hyperthermia, pain on manipulation * blood, urine & prostatic fluid → C&S
33
Tx forOrchitis/ Epididymitis
* stabilise, broad-spectrum antibiotics + castrate * treat primary disease * If orchiectomy not an option, ABs, analgesia, local cooling * prognosis for preserving fertility is guarded
34
Hwo common is testicular neoplasia?
2nd most common location for neoplasia in male dogs
35
Describe the three types of testicular neoplasia?
➢ Sertoli * slow-growing and non-invasive * 10-20% malignant * secrete oestrogen – feminisation syndrome ➢ Seminoma * Benign * 5–10% malignancy ➢ Interstitial cell/Leydig * Benign
36
Dx of Test neoplasia?
* Asymmetry of testes +/- feminisation syndrome * US * Met check
37
Tx for test neoplasia?
* Closed Castration and scrotal ablation * Chemotherapy | good Pg as low metastatic rates
38
What do we call Hyperoestrogenism?
Feminisation Syndrome
39
What are the signs of Feminisation Syndrome
40
Indications for Prostatic dx sx?
* Management of BPH - orchiectomy * Management of Prostatitis - orchiectomy * Abscessation * Prostatic Cysts * Biopsy * Prostatic Neoplasia – Rare
41
Diagnosis of prostatic dx?
* US, Rads +/- Contrast * Prostatic wash * Ejaculate * Traumatic catheterization- whilst massaging the prostate per rectum * FNA/Trucut/Biopsy
42
BPH common. inwho?
- in entire aged dogs * 80 % of 6 year old male entire dogs * 95 % of 9 year olds
43
CLs of BPH?
* Constipation and Tenesmus * Haemorrhagic urethral discharge * Dysuria * Palpation → symmetrical enlarged non painful prostate * Check for concurrent testicular neoplasia or perineal hernia
44
Dx of BPH?
* Rectal examination * Radiographs * Ultrasound +/- FNA
45
Tx for BPH?
➢ Castration → reduction in size over 2-3 week ➢ Anti-androgen therapy not as effective at reducing size
46
Describe Rpostatic neoplasia
* more common in castrated males (predisposed by castration?) * **Adenocarcinoma** * Spread to Sublumbar LN, Lumbar vertebrae, Pelvis * 70% have metastasis at presentation > Clinical Signs * Stranguria/haematuria, pain, HL lameness/neurological deficits
47
Dx for prostatic neoplasia
– palpable per rectum * PAINFUL, irregular, asymmetric enlargement * 70 % increase in ALP * Ultrasound * Prostatic fluid (wash, aspirate, ejaculate) * FNA/ trucut/ catheter biopsies * Urine analysis
48
Tx of Prostatic neoplaqia?
* Cox2 inhibitors increase survival to 6.9 months (from 0.7months) * Little response to chemotherapy * May be response to radiotherapy * Total or subtotal prostatectomy attempted but high rate of complications (incontinence) and unlikely to increase survival
49
What sampling techniques for prostate?
➢ Transurethral-traumatic catheterisation ➢ FNA – US guided ➢ 96% agreement with histopath ➢ seeding ➢ Biopsy – Trucut, open wedge, laparoscopic
50
What are some indications for surgery of the penis and prepuce
* Hypospadias - failure of urogenital folds to fuse * Fracture of the os penis * Penile trauma * Fractured os penis * Penile neoplasia * Preputial neoplasia * Persistant penile frenulum * Paraphimosis- inability to retract penis into the preputial sheath * Phimosis – preputial orifice absent/too small * Priapism * Urethral prolapse - seen with UTI or excessive sexual excitement
51
Describe penile neoplasia
* Common in dogs, rare in the cat * Mast cell tumours, squamous cell carcinoma, papilloma, lymphoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma
52
Cls & Dx fo penile neoplasia
» Clinical Signs; swelling of prepuce, visible mass, abnormal preputial discharge, licking, prolapse, haematuria, dysuria » Diagnosis: palpation, impression smear, FNA. Biopsy
53
Tx for penile neoplasia
Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, partial or complete penile amputation dependant upon type
54
Discribe paraphimosis
* inability to retract penis into prepuce * excessive sexual activity, trauma, constriction by preputial hairs, preputial hypoplasia * Differential; Priapism
55
Tx for paraphimosis
* lubrication and retraction +/- sedation * cold compresses/massage * hypertonic agents - sugar * can enlarge the preputial opening if cannot retract via the above * amputation if tissue not viable * Preputial hypoplasia →preputial advancement/phallopexy + castration
56
What are some surgical techniques for the peis and prepuce
» Penile amputation » Partial penile amputation » Preputial advancement » Preputial Reconstruction » Phallopexy

VMS4001 SEM 2 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions