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surveys Flashcards

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1
Q

cross sectional study

A

everything is measured at the same time

all the data is available - exposures and outcomes.

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2
Q

Attributable Risk can be calculated by:

A

Incidence exposed - Incidence unexposed

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3
Q

Attributable Risk Fraction can be calculated by:

A

Incidence exposed - Incidence unexposed/Incidence exposed

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4
Q

How can a confounding factor be dealt with in design stage of study(3)

A

Randomisation
Stratification
Restriction

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5
Q

Incidence rate ratio be calculated

A

incidence rate in exposed/incidence rate in unexposed

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6
Q

How can instrument bias be avoided

A

Assess how well instrument performs over time in different settings with different groups

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7
Q

How can instrument bias be reduced

A

Good design of questionaires
calibrate and maintain equipment

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8
Q

How can interviewer bias be reduced

A

Training
closed questions
have a criteria for outcome of the assessment

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9
Q

How can non-response bias be reduced

A

Offer incentives
Explain reasoning
Reminders

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10
Q

relative risk

A

cumulative incidence in exposed/ cumulative incidence in unexposed

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11
Q

How can sampling bias be reduced

A

Random sampling

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12
Q

How is SMR (standardised mortality ratio) expressed

A

As a percentage

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13
Q

selection bias

A

groups are not similar at baseline because of nonrandom assignment.

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14
Q

validity

A

ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure.

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15
Q

precision

A

analogous to reliability and a measure of a test’s ability to replicate the same results.

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16
Q

observational study

A

investigator observes the subjects without intervention

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17
Q

Attributable risk

A

increase in disease incidence associated with an exposure.

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18
Q

Accuracy

A

analogous to validity and a measure of a test’s ability to obtain repeatedly “true” results.

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19
Q

Why is a sampling frame used

A

It is the source material or device from which a sample is drawn

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20
Q

What quality control needs to occur in study

A

Standardise instruments, regular calibration
training for interviewers
structured questionnaires

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21
Q

What is the purpose of a survey

A

Assess prevalance of disease
measure risk and protective factors
measure outcomes

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22
Q

What is the definition of confounder?

A

Third variable associated with both exposure and outcome

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23
Q

What is systematic sampling

A

Every Nth member selected

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24
Q

What is stratified sampling

A

Population divided into groups and sample taken from each group using simple random sampling

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25
What is standardisation
Adjusting for differences in age distribution to make a valid comparison
26
What is simple random sampling
each member given identifier and numbers selected at random
27
what is selection bias
error in systematic differences in characteristics of groups being studied due to differences in the way they were selected
28
what is sampling bias
errors that occur in research studies when the researchers do not properly select their participants
29
what is sampling bias
errors that occur in research studies when the researchers do not properly select their participants
30
What is response rate
% of selected sample that take part in the study
31
What is repeatability
Degree to which a measurement made on one occasion agrees with same measurement on subsequent occasion
32
What is random sampling
everyone in sampling frame has equal chance of being chosen
33
What is precision
If similar results can be obtained with repeated measurement
34
What is outcome
variables that are monitored during a study to document the impact that a given intervention or exposure has on the health of a given population
35
What is non-responsive bias
fundamental difference between responders and nonresponders
36
What is non-random sampling
selection of units is based on factors other than random chance
37
What is interviewer bias
Error between measurements of different interviews
38
What is cluster sampling
Use natural clusters in the population and choose clusters via simple random and study all individuals in those clusters
39
what is direct standardisation
applying the rates of disease observed in the study group of people to a 'standard' population
40
What is exposure
any factor that may be associated with an outcome of interest
41
What is bias
systematic error in sampling or measurement
42
What is an index group
Group that is exposed
43
what is aetiology
cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition.
44
What is a prevalence study
analyzes data from a population at a specific point in time
45
What is a confounding variable
variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable
46
population attributable risk
number/proportion of cases that would not occur in the population if the factor was eliminated.
47
What are absolute comparisons
determines how close two number values are to each other
48
What are examples of random sampling methods(4)
Simple random Stratified Cluster systematic
49
What are relative comparisons useful for
Looking for causal factors Deciding if treatment effective
50
What are some things to avoid when designing a questionnaire
Avoid leading questions avoid sensitive questions early on Avoid ambiguity
51
What are systemic variations
anomaly or inaccuracy in observations which are the result of factors which are not under statistical control
52
what are the 2 key components of measurement performance
Validity Repeatability
53
What are the 2 methods of standardisation
Direct Indirect
54
What are the 2 ways groups can be compared
Absolute comparison Relative comparisons
55
What are the advantages of a cross sectional study
Cheap quick useful for healthcare planning and investigating trends Useful when routine data not available
56
What are the advantages of having a self completed questionnaire in a study
Quick cheap avoids interviewer bias good for sensitive issues
57
What are the advantages of having an interview in a study
Open questions questions are understood in depth exploration of answers
58
What are the disadvantages of cross sectional studies
Not useful for conditions with short duration Not useful for investigating casuality Sampling and data collection need care
59
What are the disadvantages of having a interview in a study
Time and cost interviewer bias training required for the interviewer
60
What are the disadvantages of self completed questionnaires in a study
relies of closed questions questions may be misunderstood
61
What are the errors that can occur whilst estimating
Random error Systematic error
62
What are the types of information bias
Instrument bias Interviewer bias
63
What are the types of selection bias
Sampling bias Non-responsive bias
64
What does it mean when relative risk<1
Incidence lower in exposed
65
What does it mean when relative risk=1
Incidence is same in both groups
66
What does it mean when relative risk>1
Incidence higher in exposure
67
Cross-sectional study
assesses the frequency of risk factors and disease in the present
68
What is a confounding factor
Independently associated with exposure and outcome but not on casual pathway between exposure and outcome

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