wk 2 descriptive epidemiology and health improvement

Question 1

negative skew

Answer 1

distribution with tail to the left

Question 2

positive skew

Answer 2

distribution with tail to the right

Question 3

How can a categorical variable be split

Answer 3

Ordinal - ranking category (mild,,moderate)
Nominal - categorise date, no numbers (sex)

Question 4

cumulative incidence (RISK) be calculated

Answer 4

of new cases of disease over period of time/ # of ppl starting period at risk of developing

%

Question 5

Incidence density (RATE) be calculated

Answer 5

of new cases of disease/total person-time at risk

person-years

Question 6

How can location of data be categorised

Answer 6

Mode - number appear the most
median - put #s in order and middle number
mean - add all and divide by number, avg

Question 7

prevalence be calculated

Answer 7

of cases at given time/ # in pop at that time

Question 8

How can scatter plots be described

Answer 8

linear or non linear
strong or weak
positive correlation, negative correlation or zero correlation

Question 9

How can shape of frequency distribution be described

Answer 9

Unimodal/bimodal
Symmetric or skewed
Large gaps of outliers

Question 10

How can spread of data be categorised

Answer 10

Interquartile range
Standard deviation

Question 11

MR(infant mortality rate)

Answer 11

deaths per year occuring in in first year/ total # of live births in year

Question 12

How may obesity as a social determinant affect health

Answer 12

can lead to a variety of diseases such as diabetes,cancer and heart disease

Question 13

what is incidence

Answer 13

number of new events within specified period of time

Question 14

what is prevalence

Answer 14

number of cases of disease in a pop at designated time

Question 15

what does PICO stand for?

Answer 15

Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome

Question 16

5A’s of health promotion are:

Answer 16

ask
assess
advise
assist
arrange

Question 17

challenges associated with health improvement

Answer 17

Health care costs
social determinants of health

Question 18

difficulties faced in evaluation

Answer 18

design of intervention
Possible lag time to effect
Many concurrent confounding factors
High cost of evaluation research

Question 19

dilemmas associated with health improvement

Answer 19

Ethics of interfering in peoples lives
Victim blaming
Reinforcing negative stereotypes
Fallacy of empowerment

Question 20

examples of social determinants of health

Answer 20

Stress
social exclusion
work
unemployment
addiction
food

Question 21

2 types of numerical data

Answer 21

Continuous -
Discrete

Question 22

2 types of variables

Answer 22

Numerical
Categorical

Question 23

2 ways incidence can be measured

Answer 23

Cumulative incidence (RISK)
Incidence density (RATE)

Question 24

5 approaches to health promotion

Answer 24

Medical
Behaviour change
educational
empowerment
social change

Question 25

What does a scatter plot show

Answer 25

Relationship between 2 continuous variables

Question 26

what is a categorical variable

Answer 26

type of data used to group information

Question 27

What is a continuous variable

Answer 27

can take a value between a certain set of real numbers e.g. height,temperature

Question 28

What is a discrete variable

Answer 28

Variable only consisting of integers e.g. number of cars

Question 29

What is a health needs assessment

Answer 29

systematic method for reviewing the health issues facing a population, leading to agree priorities and resource allocation that will improve health and reduce inequalities

Question 30

What is a proportion

Answer 30

Division of two related numbers

Question 31

What is a rate

Answer 31

Measure of frequency of occurence "per unit time"

Question 32

What is a ratio

Answer 32

Division of two unrelated numbers male:female

Question 33

What is age specific death rate

Answer 33

Number of deaths per 1,000 in age group

Question 34

What is crude death rate (CDR)

Answer 34

Number of deaths per 1,000 population

Question 35

What is health promotion

Answer 35

enabling people to increase control over and improve their health beyond healthly lifestyles to wellbeing

Question 36

What is make every contact count(MECC)

Answer 36

behaviour change interventions to patients to enable them to change their lifestyle

Question 37

what is nudge theory

Answer 37

positive reinforcement and indirect suggestions as ways to influence the behaviour and decision making of groups or individuals.

Question 38

What is standard deviation

Answer 38

Measure of spread of data around the mean

Question 39

What is the correlation coefficient

Answer 39

Summary for strength of relationship between 2 variables

Question 40

What should you think of when analysing health information

Answer 40

Person Place time

Question 41

What type of graph is a population pyramid

Answer 41

Histogram

Question 42

what was the marmot review

Answer 42

Review done to identify how to reduce health inequalities using evidence based strategies

Question 43

result of the Marmot review 10 years on

Answer 43

Improvements to life expectancy have stalled health gap has grown further between wealthy and deprived areas

Question 44

When was public health england set up

Answer 44

2013