Surveys and Sampling Methods

Question 1

Population

Answer 1

The entire group of individuals that we want information about

Question 2

Sample

Answer 2

The part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information.

Question 3

Sampling

Answer 3

Involves studying a part of the population to gain information about the whole.

Question 4

Census

Answer 4

Attempts to contact every individual in a certain population.

Question 5

Bias

Answer 5

Systematically favoring certain outcomes (want to avoid)

Question 6

Sampling Methods: Voluntary Response

Answer 6

Flawed method because people with strong opinions are most likely to respond.

Question 7

Sampling Methods: Convenience

Answer 7

Flawed by choosing individuals who are easiest to reach.

Question 8

Sampling Methods: Simple Random Sample (SRS)

Answer 8

Each member is equally likely to be selected and each possible group (sample) is equally likely. One population/ One sample

Question 9

Systematic Sample

Answer 9

Begin at a random point; select every nth member.

Question 10

Sampling Methods: Stratified Sample

Answer 10

Divide the population into similar groups (strata) and then pick a random sample within each strata.

Question 11

Sampling Method: Cluster Sample

Answer 11

Divide population into groups. Randomly pick a group and then use each individual in that group

Question 12

Observational Study

Answer 12

Good: Ethical, easier to conduct (people are already doing the behavior)
Bad: Can’t conclude anything

Question 13

Experiment

Answer 13

Good: Can use control to conclude causality between the explanatory and response
Bad: Can be unethical, harder and time consuming to set it up

Question 14

Placebo Effect

Answer 14

When an untreated subject incorrectly believes that they are receiving real treatment and reports an improvement

Question 15

Control Group

Answer 15

Group of patients who receive a fake treatment; enables control over outside variables on the outcome

Question 16

Principles of Experimental Design: Replication

Answer 16

Use enough subjects/trials to reduce chance variation. Natural variability occurs.

Question 17

Principles of Experimental Design: Randomization

Answer 17

Use of chance to assign experimental units to treatments

Question 18

Statistically Significant

Answer 18

The finding is unlikely under the assumption of what should happen. Rarely happen by chance.

Question 19

Principles of Experimental Design

Answer 19

Control, Replication, and Randomization

Question 20

Block Design

Answer 20

Another form of control. The same idea for an experiment as stratified is to selecting a sample.

Question 21

Match Paris Design

Answer 21

Subjects are matched in pairs to compare responses to two treatments. Pairs could be 2 subjects with similar characteristics that would influence response or 1 subject with both treatments done, with their own control.

Question 22

Single Blind Experiment

Answer 22

Subjects are unaware of what treatment they receive

Question 23

Double Blind Experiment

Answer 23

Neither the Subjects nor those who measure the response know which treatment the subject received. Contributed to controlling the Placebo Effect; ensures no unconscious bias on the doctors part

Question 24

Confounding Response

Answer 24

When variables can’t be distinguished from each other.

Question 25

Common Response (Lurking variables)

Answer 25

EX: Response to medication is often confounded with better health/health - care in general

Question 26

Sample Survey

Answer 26

It is a study that uses an organized plan to choose a sample that represents some specific population.

Question 27

Sample Size

Answer 27

It is the number of individuals, items, or data points selected from a larger population to represent it statistically.

Question 28

Sampling error/variability

Answer 28

The difference between the sample and the population that occurs due to chance

Question 29

Probability sample

Answer 29

The selection of a sample from a population, when this selection is based on the principle of randomization, that is, random selection or chance.

Question 30

Multistage Sample

Answer 30

Conducted by taking and selecting samples from a tiered system. EX: Surveying every county, then every town, then every block...

Question 31

Strata

Answer 31

Subset (part) of the population (entire collection of items under consideration) which is being sampled.

Question 32

Under coverage

Answer 32

Occurs when some groups in the population are left out of the process of choosing the sample.

Question 33

Response Bias

Answer 33

Behavior of respondent courses bias in the sample results. EX: lying

Question 34

Non response bias

Answer 34

Selected sample members being unable or unwilling to participate, leading to a distortion in the behavioral parameters of interest.

Question 35

Random assignment

Answer 35

Is a way of placing participants from your sample into different treatment groups using randomization.

Question 36

Factor

Answer 36

The variables in the study that we believe will influence the results.

Question 37

Response

Answer 37

A concept, idea, or quantity that someone wants to measure.

Question 38

Experimental Units

Answer 38

The individuals on which the experiment is done.

Question 39

Levels

Answer 39

A classification that relates the values that are assigned to variables with each other.

Question 40

Treatments

Answer 40

A specific experimental condition applied to the units.

Question 41

Simulation

Answer 41

The imitation of a chance behavior, based on a model that accurately reflects the experiment under consideration.

Question 42

Trial

Answer 42

A single performance of well-defined experiment

Question 43

Wording Bias

Answer 43

The wording of a question systematically influences the responses.