sustainability and interdependance

Question 1

Food Security

Answer 1

The availability and access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet dietary needs for a healthy life.

Question 2

Food Production

Answer 2

Food production methods that do not degrade the natural resources upon which agriculture depends, ensuring long-term productivity and food security.

Question 3

Photosynthesis

Answer 3

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water. It involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a by-product.

Question 4

Photosynthetic Pigments

Answer 4

Molecules such as chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy used in photosynthesis.

Question 5

Absorption Spectrum

Answer 5

A graph showing the different wavelengths of light absorbed by different pigments.

Question 6

Action Spectrum

Answer 6

A graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process, such as photosynthesis.

Question 7

Carotenoids

Answer 7

Accessory pigments in plants that broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis by transferring the absorbed energy to chlorophyll.

Question 8

ATP Synthase

Answer 8

An enzyme that creates ATP by using the energy from a flow of hydrogen ions across a membrane.

Question 9

Photolysis

Answer 9

The process by which light energy splits water molecules during photosynthesis, producing oxygen, electrons, and hydrogen ions.

Question 10

NADP (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate)

Answer 10

A coenzyme that carries electrons and hydrogen ions in photosynthesis, forming NADPH.

Question 11

RuBisCO (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase)

Answer 11

The enzyme that catalyzes the first major step of carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle.

Question 12

Calvin Cycle

Answer 12

A set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis, where carbon dioxide is fixed into glucose.

Question 13

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

Answer 13

A three-carbon molecule formed in the Calvin cycle that is used to regenerate RuBP and synthesize glucose.

Question 14

Plant Breeding

Answer 14

The science of changing the traits of plants to produce desired characteristics, used to support sustainable food production.

Question 15

Plant Field Trials

Answer 15

Experiments carried out in natural conditions to evaluate the performance of different plant cultivars or treatments.

Question 16

Inbreeding

Answer 16

Breeding of closely related individuals to produce offspring with desired traits but can lead to inbreeding depression due to increased homozygosity of deleterious alleles.

Question 18

Inbreeding Depression

Answer 18

Reduced biological fitness in a population due to inbreeding, resulting in a higher occurrence of harmful recessive traits.

Question 19

Crossbreeding

Answer 19

The process of breeding animals from different breeds to produce offspring with desired characteristics from both parents.

Question 20

F1 Hybrids

Answer 20

Offspring resulting from the crossbreeding of two different inbred lines, often exhibiting increased vigor and yield.

Question 21

Genetic Technology

Answer 21

Techniques such as genome sequencing and recombinant DNA technology used in breeding programs to improve crop and animal characteristics.

Question 22

Weeds

Answer 22

Plants that compete with crops for resources such as light, water, and nutrients, reducing agricultural productivity.

Question 23

Annual Weeds

Answer 23

Weeds that complete their life cycle within one growing season, characterized by rapid growth, high seed output, and long-term seed viability.

Question 24

Perennial Weeds

Answer 24

Weeds that live for several years and have adaptations like storage organs and vegetative reproduction to survive and compete with crops.

Question 25

Cultural Control

Answer 25

The use of agricultural practices such as crop rotation, tillage, and timing of planting to manage weeds, pests, and diseases.

Question 26

Pesticides

Answer 26

Chemicals used to control pests, weeds, and diseases in agriculture. They can be selective (targeting specific species) or systemic (affecting the entire plant).

Question 27

Bioaccumulation

Answer 27

The build-up of substances, such as pesticides, in the tissues of living organisms over time.

Question 28

Biomagnification

Answer 28

The increasing concentration of a substance, such as a pesticide, in the tissues of organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain.

Question 29

Biological Control

Answer 29

The use of natural predators, parasites, or pathogens to control pests and diseases in agriculture.

Question 30

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Answer 30

A pest control strategy that uses a combination of methods (biological, cultural, physical, and chemical) to manage pest populations at acceptable levels with minimal environmental impact.

Question 31

Animal Welfare

Answer 31

The well-being of animals in terms of health, comfort, nutrition, and ability to express natural behaviors, particularly in the context of livestock production.

Question 32

Stereotypy

Answer 32

Repetitive, invariant behavior patterns with no apparent goal or function, often indicative of poor animal welfare.

Question 33

Misdirected Behavior

Answer 33

Behaviors that are normal in nature but are directed inappropriately, often due to confinement or lack of stimulation.

Question 34

Symbiosis

Answer 34

A close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, which may be mutualistic, parasitic, or commensal.

Question 35

Parasitism

Answer 35

A symbiotic relationship where one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the other (the host), often harming it.

Question 36

Mutualism

Answer 36

A symbiotic relationship where both species involved benefit and are interdependent on each other.

Question 37

Social Hierarchy

Answer 37

The organization of individuals in a group that establishes dominance and subordinate roles, reducing conflict and promoting social stability.

Question 38

Cooperative Hunting

Answer 38

A social behavior where animals hunt in groups to increase hunting success and share the prey.

Question 39

Altruism

Answer 39

A behavior that benefits another individual at a cost to the one performing the behavior, often seen in social animals.

Question 40

Kin Selection

Answer 40

A form of natural selection favoring behaviors that increase the survival and reproduction of relatives, even at a cost to the individual’s own survival and reproduction.

Question 41

Social Insects

Answer 41

Insects like bees, ants, and termites that live in highly organized colonies or societies with a division of labor, including reproductive and non-reproductive individuals.

Question 42

Primate Behavior

Answer 42

Social behaviors exhibited by primates, including humans, such as forming alliances, establishing hierarchies, and displaying complex social interactions and parental care.

Question 43

Genetic Diversity

Answer 43

The total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species, contributing to variations within a population.

Question 44

Species Diversity

Answer 44

The variety of species within a given ecosystem, including the number of different species (species richness) and the relative abundance of each species.

Question 45

Ecosystem Diversity

Answer 45

The variety of ecosystems in a particular area, including different habitats, ecological processes, and community interactions.

Question 46

Bottleneck Effect

Answer 46

A sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events or human activities, resulting in decreased genetic diversity and reduced ability to adapt to changes.

Question 47

Habitat Fragmentation

Answer 47

The process by which large, continuous habitats are divided into smaller, isolated sections, often leading to decreased biodiversity and increased edge effects.

Question 48

Habitat Corridors

Answer 48

Strips of natural habitat that connect separated populations, allowing for the movement of species and the exchange of genes between isolated populations.

Question 49

Introduced Species

Answer 49

Species that have been moved by humans to new geographic areas where they do not naturally occur.

Question 50

Naturalized Species

Answer 50

Non-native species that have established populations in new environments and are able to survive and reproduce without human intervention.

Question 51

Invasive Species

Answer 51

Non-native species that spread rapidly in new environments, often outcompeting native species and reducing biodiversity.