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UL PARAMEDICS > SWA PREP > Flashcards

SWA PREP Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

List the types of stroke

A
  • ischaemic (embolic/thrombus)
  • Haemorrhage (intercerebral/subarachnoid)
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2
Q

What is the most common type of stroke

A

Ischaemic - 80%

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3
Q

What is an embolic stroke

A

Blood clot forms else where in the body (usually the heart) then travels to the brain
Most common causes: afib and fatty deposits breaking away from carotid artery

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4
Q

Define thrombus (stroke)

A

Caused by an occlusion of an artery in the brain by a clot, resulting in ischaemic stroke

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5
Q

what are the types pf haemorrhage stroke

A
  • intercerebral
    -subarachnoid
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6
Q

what is an intercerebral stroke

A

artery inside the brain ruptures/bursts

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7
Q

what is a subarachnoid stroke

A

bleed on the surface of the brain
thunder clap headache in back of the head/down the neck

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8
Q

Define the term STEMI

A

ST elevation Myochardial Infarction in when one of the major arteries carrying oxygen and nutrients direct to the heart muscle (coronary arteries) gets blocked. ST elevation is an abnormality that is detected on a 12 lead ECG

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9
Q

Explain Dyspnoea

A

breathlessness or shortness of breath, laboured or difficult breathing. It is primarily an indication of inadequate ventillation or insufficient amounts of O2 in the blood

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10
Q

Explain Apnoea

A

suspension of breathing; no movement of air between the lungs and the environment, it is a temporary event that may be a once-off or recurrent event

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11
Q

Explain Hypoxia

A

deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissue due to lower than normal level of oxygen in arterial blood

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12
Q

Explain Hypercarbia

A

abnormally high level of carbon dioxide levels in the blood

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13
Q

Explain Anoxia

A

abnormally low level or absent amount of oxygen in the body’s tissues, usually as a result of hypoxia

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14
Q

Explain Tachycardia

A

HR >100bpm - fast HR

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15
Q

Explain Bradycardia

A

HR <60bpm - slow HR

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16
Q

Explain Defibrillation

A

process by which electric shock (joules) are sent to the heart to stop an arrhythmia resulting in the return of a productive heart rhythm

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17
Q

Explain Hypotension

A

low blood pressure: the body is not circulating enough blood; SBP<90mmHg

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18
Q

Explain Myocardial Infarct

A

the irreversible death of heart muscle, secondary to prolonged lack of oxygen (ischaemia)

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19
Q

List the signs and symptoms of Critical Incident Stress

A
  • Sadness
  • Anger
  • avoidance
  • distress
  • guilt
  • isolation
  • Nightmares
  • Difficulty sleeping

(S.A.A.D.D.I.N.G)

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20
Q

List and briefly explain the emotional responses which may be experienced during a “post-traumatic stress reaction”

A

Re-experience the trauma - begin to re-experience the trauma you encountered, you may have flash backs of the event

Emotional numbness/avoidance: you may become emotionally detached or numb to events. you can suppress your emotions or feelings. You may avoid the place where the event ocurred or things that remind you of the event

Increased arousal: you may be more irritable, angry or short tempered. You may have problems sleeping or getting to sleep

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21
Q

Outline the steps in handwashing

A
  • remove all jewellery
  • wet hands with warm water
  • dispense soap onto palms and lather
  • rub palm to palm, repeat five times

-interlock fingers with palm to back of opposite hand, repeat 5 times, repeat with other hand

  • tips of fingers to palm of other hand moving in circular motion, repeat 5 times, then repeat with other hand
  • cup fingers into cupped palm in other hand, repeat 5 times, repeat with other hand
  • encircle thumb with other hand rotating back and forth 5 times, repeat with other thumb
  • grip wrist with other hand moving in circular motion, repeat 5 times, repeat with other wrist
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22
Q

outline the 5 moments of hand hygiene

A
  • before you touch patient
  • before you perform an antiseptic procedure
  • after contact with bodily fluids
  • after touching a patient
  • after touching patients belongings or surroundings
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23
Q

Explain CPC

A

Continuos Professional Competency:
you need to maintain training levels to maintain competencies at work. This ensures you are competent at preforming skills and interventions within your scope of practice

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24
Q

Explain CPD

A

Continuous Professional Development:
you need to further your skills and attend trainings in order to learn new skills. This helps to further develop your skill set and knowledge base to stay in line with your scope of pract

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25
Explain SMART objectives
Specific Measurable Achievable Relevant Time Band
26
Define "scope of practice"
skillset and interventions you are allowed to or licensced to to/perform with regard to your level of clinical training
27
What are the roles of PHECC
- EMS regulator in Ireland - Publishes CPG's - Licences and governs all pre-hospital practitioners - sets the guidelines for scope of practice - protects the patient
28
define flail chest
2 or more adjacent ribs broken in 2 or more places
29
define paradoxical breathing
the flail chest segment does not expand upon breathing. The chest is rising except for the part that is not. As the patient is breathing in it looks like the chest is not rising but going in instead.
30
define Diabetes Mellitus
a disease characterised by the body's inability to metabolise glucose sufficiently. The condition occurs either because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or the cells do not respond to the effects of the insulin that is produced.
31
define type 1 DM
usually starts in childhood and requires daily injections of supplemental synthetic insulin to control blood glucose
32
define type 2 DM
usually starts later in life and can often be controlled through diet and or oral medication
33
define gestational diabetes
high blood sugar that develops during pregnancy and usually stops after giving birth. It happens when the body cannot produce enough insulin to meet the body'd extra needs during pregnancy
34
define hyperglycaemia
abnormally high blood glucose level, above 20mmol/l
35
define hypoglycaemia
abnormally low blood glucose level, below 4mmol/l
36
define dysuria/-dysuric
painful discharge of urine
37
define dysphasia
loss of or deficiency in the ability to use or understand language as a result of injury to or disease in the brain
38
define dyspnea/dyspoeic
difficult or laboured espiration
39
define dysphagia/dysphagic
difficulty in swallowing
40
define polydipsia
excessive thirst or excessive drinking
41
define nocturia/nycturia
urination at night
42
define oliguria
urine output less than 1mL/kg/h in infants and less than 400mL or 500mL per 24hrs in adults
43
define polyuria
the excessive passage of urine
44
define polyphagia
excessive appetite or eating
45
define pneumothorax- simple
air in the pleural cavity
46
define haemothorax
blood in the pleural cavity
47
open pneumothorax - sucking wound
air in the pleural space as a result of an open wound in the chest wall
48
define tension pneumothorax
an accumulation of air in the pleural cavity, which progressively collapses the lung
49
outline the signs and symptoms of tension pneumothorax
- decreased breath sounds on the affected side - Jugular Vein Distension - tracheal deviation - hyper resonance - unequal chest rise - decreased SPO2 - dyspnoea - Hypotension
50
51
52
What is a normal PR interval
0.12-0.2 seconds
53
What is a normal QRS interval
Less than 0.12 seconds
54
STEMI is defined as what
ST elevation in 2 or more contiguous leads ( 2mm in V2/V3, or 1mm in all other leads) or new onset LBBB
55
Define sprain
Injuries including a stretch or tear to the ligament or a joint that commonly leads to pain and swelling
56
Define fracture
Break or rupture of the bone
57
Define strain
Stretching or tearing of a muscle by excessive stretching or overuse
58
Define dislocation
The displacement of a bone from its normal position within a joint
59
Define bursitis
Inflammation of the bursa that cushion the joints
60
What is pertussis
Whooping cough Highly infectious bacterial disease involving the respiratory tract
61
Measles
Highly communicable viral disease characterised by fever, conjunctivitis, coughing, blotchy red rash, incubation period of ten days. After the patient is usually immune
62
Define tidal volume
How much air moves in and out in one respiratory cycle, average of 500-600mls per breath
63
Define residual volume
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum forced expiration Average: 1200mls
64
Define total lung capacity
Sum of residual volume plus vital capacity Average: 6000mls
65
Define external respiration
Exchange of gases between the lungs and blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries
66
Define gas exchange
Gas exchange in the body occurs by diffusion. Gas moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
67
Name 3 IM injection sites
Deltoid muscle Vastus lateralis muscle Gluteus maximus muscle
68
Paediatric dosages of adrenaline
< 6mnths: 10mcg/kg 6mnth- <6yrs: 150mcg >/=6yrs - <12yrs: 300mcg >/= 12yrs: 300mcg is child is small or prepubital or 500mcg
69
Side effects of glucagon
Headache Dizziness Nausea and vomiting Hypotension
70
Side effects of adrenaline
Palpitations Angina like symptoms Tachyarrythmias Hypertension
71
Contra-indications of glucagon
KSAR and phaechromocytoma
72
State the functions of the mucus membrane and cilia in the airway
The mucus membrane moistens air, filters and traps debris, protects against infection. The cilia are tiny hair like structures that help move mucus up towards the throat
73
Special clinical consideration for advanced airway
SPO2 < 92% BVM ineffective GCS= 3 RR< 9
74
State the composition of entonox
50% oxygen 50% nitrous oxide
75
What are the pharmacological actions of entonox
CNS depressant and analgesic
76
List the contra-indications for entonox
Shock Chest Injury ALOC Recent scuba dive Inhalation Injury Decompression sickness intestinal obstruction Carbon monoxide poisoning KSAR
77
What are the side effects of entonox
Disinhibition Decreased LOC Light headedness
78
What actions should be taken by the paramedic if the entonox container has been exposed to very cold temperatures
Warm the cylinder using ambulance heater and blankets Invert cylinder at least 3 times to ensure gases mix
79
Describe the colouring on the entonox cylinder
Two types: Pin index cylinder is blue, with a blue and white segmented collar The CD cylinder is white with ENTONOX written in blue on the cylinder, sometimes the cylinder has blue and white shoulders
80
Define systolic blood pressure
The pressure created with the arterial system by the contraction of the ventricular mass and the pumping of blood into systemic circulation
81
Define diastolic pressure
The pressure within the arterial system during diastole and relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle, when the heart is momentarily at rest
82
List the signs and symptoms observed with shoulder dislocation
Pain and loss of movement Patient may guard the arm or have it in a fixed position There may also be a deforming where the humeral head protrudes anteriorly underneath the pectoris
83
List and give the number of bones that comprise the shoulder girdle, arm, and hand on the right side of the body
CHUMS CPR clavicle x1 Humerus x1 Ulna x1 Meta carpals x5 Scapula x1 Carpals x8 Phalanges x14 Radius x1
84
Define shock
Inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissue to meet metabolic demands
85
Define perfusion
The circulation of oxygen and nutrients to the cells, organs, and tissues of the body
86
Define hypoperfusion
Also called shock, the level of tissue perfusion decreases below what is required to maintain normal cellular function
87
List the signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock
Altered mental status Tachycardia Hypotension Diminished urine output Laboured and irregular breathing Absent/thready peripheral pulses Mottled/cyanotic skin Dilated pupils
88
Outline the position structure and function of the midbrain
Located between the pons and dicephalon Responsible for: motor control, eye movement, pain modulation; visual and auditory reflex’s
89
Outline the position structure and function of the pons
The pons is part of the brainstem, located above the medulla olbangata and below the midbrain Responsible for the transmission of signals from the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord
90
Outline the position structure and function of the reticular activating system
Comprised of white matter and extends through the core of the brain stem. Supplies impulses to the cerebral cortex to enhance excitability
91
Describe the position and function of the nose
Air is inhaled through the nose/mouth where it is filtered by hairs and cilia to remove dust particles. Nasal canal humidifies and regulates the temperature of inhaled air
92
Describe the position and function of the pharynx
Passage for food, liquid and air. Leads from both the nose and mouth and leads to the trachea and oesophagus
93
Describe the position and function of the larynx
Voice box situated just above the trachea and has a flap called the epiglottis, which closes during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea, and opens during breathing
94
Describe the position and function of the trachea
Air enters the trachea which is situated behind the sternum between the two lungs
95
Describe the position and function of the bronchus
From the trachea, two bronchi (one for each lung) divide and subdivide into secondary and tertiary bronchi, getting narrower as they proceed into the lung
96
Describe the position and function of the bronchioles
The tertiary bronchi branch into fine tuboles called bronchioles, the last passageway for air
97
Describe the position and function of the alveoli
Air ends its pathway in the alveoli which are tiny air sacs with very fine single cell walls. These alveoli are surrounded by capillaries that connect the pulmonary arteries and veins and that allow the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide
98
Describe the effects of bronchitis on the respiratory system
Inflammation of the mucous membrane in the trachea and bronchi. Inflammation causes an increase in mucous production Excess mucous can cause coughing and difficulty in breathing The inflammation causes the bronchi to swell and narrow which can cause a wheeze, SOB, and a tight feeling in the chest. There is also a reduction in oxygen exchange
99
What is acute bronchitis
A temporary condition typically caused by viral infection
100
What is chronic bronchitis
Typically caused by smoking or consistent smoke inhalation over a long period of time. It is caused by permanent damage done to the respiratory system
101
List the signs and symptoms related to an exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
Increased symptoms such as coughing and mucous production. The mucous can become a darker and thicker sputum. Other signs include a wheeze, fever, SOB, tight feeling in the chest

UL PARAMEDICS (39 decks)

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