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Physiology I > Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of synapses

A

transmit info by making post-synaptic neuron excited
can delay, converge, repeat, or sustain transmission
can modify excitability of all CNS cells

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2
Q

in electrical synapse, what is allowing transmission of signal

A

gap junction

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3
Q

gap junctions in electrical synapse are important in bidirectional transmission of electrical signals b/w which cells

A

cardiac cells, smooth muscle cells, some nerve cells, and endothelial cells.

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4
Q

Draw the structure of a neuron

A

pg 8

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5
Q

what is the function of dendrites

A

receive messages from other cells

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6
Q

what is the function of the neuron cell body

A

cell’s life support center

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7
Q

what is the function of the axon hillock?

A

initiation of action potential

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8
Q

what is the function of the axon

A

passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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9
Q

what is nerve impulse

A

the action potential

travels down the axon

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10
Q

what is the function of the myelin sheath

A

covers axon, helps improve speed of nerve impulses

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11
Q

what is the function of terminal branches of axon

A

form junctions w/ other cells

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12
Q

chemical vs. electrical, which is more common?

A

chemical

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13
Q

describe a chemical synapse

A

always transmitted in one direction

synaptic clef separates presynaptic terminal from postsynaptic neuron

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14
Q

mitochondria are found in high density where on presynaptic neuron

A

presynaptic terminals -they need to energize the synthesis of neurotransmitteres

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15
Q

each synaptic vesicle is filled with what

A

severl thousand molecules of neurotransmitters

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16
Q

what is the synaptic vessicle made out of

A

lipid bilayer

vesicle membrane associated proteins

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17
Q

what kind of proteins are included in the synatpic vessicle

A

transporters
enzymes
proteins involved in vesicle mobilization, docking, & fusion

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18
Q

what is main function of dendritic zone and cell body

A

integrate and pass conduction of synaptic potentials to axon hillock

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19
Q

describe the release process of the vesicle from the pre-synaptic neuron

A

opening of a fusion pore between the vesicle membrane and the plasma membrane at the presynaptic terminal and the exocytosis of the vesicle contents (neurotransmitter) into the synaptic cleft

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20
Q

what part of neuron can be receptive to synaptic contact

A

cell body, dendrites, axon

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21
Q

what is another name for cell body

A

soma

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22
Q

draw a picture of Axodendritic, Axosomatic, and Axo-axonic synapses

A

pg 12

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23
Q

what is the trigger zone

A

axon hillock portion of initial segment of motor axon

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24
Q

where do axodendritic synapses occur

A

shaft or spine of a dendrite

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25
what determines the effectiveness of axodendritic synapse
how close the synapse is to the trigger zone (axon hillock)
26
where do axosomatic synapses occur
on the cell body
27
what determines the effectiveness of the axosomatic synapses
they are automatically more effective/stronger than axodendritic b/c they are so close to the axon hillock.
28
which generate a stronger signal, axosomatic synapse or axodendritic synapse?
axosomatic synapse
29
where do axo-axonic synapses occur?
on the axon of a neuron
30
what determines the effectivness of the axo-axonic synapse?
b/c it's after the trigger zone (axon hillock), it won't have any affect on the initial signal that is released. it will indirectly affect the post-synaptic neuron b/c it will influence the amount of neurotransmitter released
31
in a motor neuron where is AP generated
axon hillock
32
in a sensory neuron where is AP generated
first node of ranvier
33
What does EPSP stand for
excitatory postsynaptic potential
34
What does IPSP stand for
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
35
can a single neuron in CNS depolarize a post-synaptic neuron?
no - it won't have enough to depolarize the post-synaptic neuron
36
the threshold for firing an action potential is lowest where
axon hillock
37
why is the threshold for firing an action potential lowest at the axon hillock
there is a very high density of sodium gated ion channels there
38
what is function of synapses
one neuron will not go all the way to the CNS - need multiple stops
39
what does synaptotagmin do?
interacts with calcium to pull vesicle
40
tethering regulates the pool of vesicles available for
docking and release
41
what is mobilization of synaptic transmission regulated by
tethering of vesicles to cytoskeletal elemtns within the presynaptic terminal
42
tetatnus toxin will cleave
synaptobrevin
43
describe docking
involves the binding of vesicle-associated proteins to presynaptic membrane proteins bringing the vesicle into close physical proximity with the release site.
44
Docking positions the vesicle adjacent to the voltage gated Ca2+ channels in the active zone and near the
nerve terminal plasma membrane
45
synaptobrevin is located on the
vesicle
46
synaptobrevin joins with what to dock
SNAP25 | syntaxin
47
fusion is dependent on rise in what
Ca2+ in the axon terminal
48
what is the calcium sensor
synatotagmin
49
what is synatotagmin
senses calcium, it catalyzes membrane fusion
50
what is the ionotropic receptor
ion channel
51
what is the metabotropic receptor
second messenger, indirectly activates it
52
what are examples of metabotropic receptor
G-proteins cAMP cGMP IP3
53
how can the release of neurotransmitters make changes on post-synaptic cells
ionotropic -immediate changes b/c t direclty activates it | metabotropic receptor - takes longer b/c it has to release other things before it works
54
What does EPSP stand for
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials
55
what are examples of EPSPs
Opening of sodium channels Depressed conduction through chloride or potassium channels, or both. Changes in cell metabolism to increase cell excitability, increase in number of excitatory receptors or decrease in number of inhibitory receptors.
56
EPSP cause what to happen to membrane
depolarization
57
IPSP stands for
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
58
IPSP cause what to happen to membrane
hyperpolarizatoin
59
IPSP prevent what from happening
stop it from generating action potential
60
what are examples of IPSP
Opening of chloride channels Opening of potassium channels Activation of receptor enzymes that inhibit metabolic functions or increase the number of inhibitory receptors or decrease the number of excitatory receptors.
61
If a graph shows line starting at -60 and then going to -40 this would be example of EPSP or IPSP
EPSP
62
If a graph shows line starting at -60 and then going to -70 this would be example of EPSP or IPSP
IPSP
63
what is temporal summation
occurs when consecutive synaptic potentials arrive at the postsynaptic cell and add together.
64
draw graph showing example of temporal summation
pg 20
65
what is spatial summation
two separate inputs to nerve are added simulatenously and cause depolarization twice as much as either input acting alone
66
If one EPSP and one IPSP occur at the same time, what will happen this is example of?
they will cancel themselves out | spatial summation
67
draw graph showing example of spatial summation
pg 21
68
need to have multiple inputs to get to
threshold
69
where is density of voltage gated sodium channels the greatest
axon hillock
70
look at the temporal and spatial summation graph and understand
pg 24
71
the more area at or above the threshold the greater the
number of frequency of firing increases (pg 24)
72
temporal summation occurs on ____ neuron
one
73
TTX stands for
Tetrodotoxin
74
What does TTX do
A virulent poison from puffer fish which blocks voltagegated Na+ channels. TTX is fatal at very low doses.
75
STX stands for
Saxitoxin
76
What does STX do
blocks voltage gated sodium channels
77
what does procaine do
blocks voltage gated sodium channels
78
what does lidocaine do
blocks voltage gated sodium channels
79
nicotine mimics what
acetylcholine does at neuromuscular junction and get contraction
80
TEA stands for
tetraethylammonium
81
What does TEA do
block K+ channels
82
what is result of TEA
increasing the time course of the action potential and shortening the relative refractory period.
83
tetanus toxin acts how
cleaves synaptobrevin
84
what is result of tetanus toxin (what does it inhibit, what are symptoms)
prevents release of inhibitory transmitters like glycine and GABA muscle contractions
85
botulism acts how
cleaving synaptobrevin, SNAP-25 or syntaxin docking proteins involved in transmitter release.
86
what is result of botulism
inhibits ACh release from neuromuscular junctions
87
slow EPSP doesn't have any result on
depolarization
88
draw out the summary slide starting with action potential arriving at axon terminal
pg 31

Physiology I (9 decks)

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