Syntax

Question 1

syntax

Answer 1

grammatical rules

Question 2

grammar

Answer 2

the complete system of phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic information and rules that speakers of any given language possess

Question 3

constituents

Answer 3

syntactic units

Question 4

phrases

Answer 4

syntax-specific terminology

Question 5

pronominialisation

Answer 5

the substitution of a constituent by a pronoun

Question 6

pro-form

Answer 6

type of function word or expression that stands in for (expresses the same content as) another word, phrase, clause or sentence where the meaning is recoverable from the context.

Question 7

wh-pronoun

Answer 7

An interrogative word or question word is a function word used to ask a question, such as what, which, when, where, who, whom, whose, why, whether and how.

Question 8

movement

Answer 8

he means by which some theories of syntax address discontinuities.

Question 9

coordination test

Answer 9

only constituents that can be coordinated by the coordinating conjunction “and”

Question 10

gapping test

Answer 10

is a type of ellipsis that occurs in the non-initial conjuncts of coordinate structures. Gapping usually elides minimally a finite verb and further any non-finite verbs that are present.

Question 11

sentence-fragment test

Answer 11

groups of words that look like sentences, but aren’t. To be a sentence, groups of words need to have at least one independent clause.

Question 12

structural ambiguity

Answer 12

the potential of multiple interpretations for a piece of written or spoken language because of the way words or phrases are organized

Question 13

head

Answer 13

the head or nucleus of a phrase is the word that determines the syntactic category of that phrase.

Question 14

noun phrases

Answer 14

phrases headed by a noun

Question 15

prepositional phrases

Answer 15

an adpositional phrase in which a preposition is the head.

Question 16

adjective phrases

Answer 16

a phrase the head of which is an adjective,

Question 17

verb phrases

Answer 17

a syntactic unit composed of at least one verb and its dependents—objects, complements and other modifiers—but not always including the subject.

Question 18

adverb phrases

Answer 18

a multi-word expression operating adverbially: its syntactic function is to modify other expressions, including verbs, adjectives, adverbs, adverbials, and sentences.

Question 19

projections

Answer 19

when notating the syntactic structure of a sentence such as “John runs fast.”, we must specify at every level what lexical category each piece of the sentence belongs to Two common ways of notating the syntactic structure of a sentence under X-Bar Theory include bracketing

Question 20

word-classes

Answer 20

a set of words that display the same formal properties, especially their inflections and distribution

Question 21

syntactic categories

Answer 21

a type of syntactic unit that theories of syntax assume

Question 22

parts-of-speech

Answer 22

category of words that have similar grammatical properties.

Question 23

lexical categories

Answer 23

a syntactic category for elements that are part of the lexicon of a language

Question 24

determiners

Answer 24

a word or affix that belongs to a class of noun modifiers that expresses the reference, including quantity, of a noun

Question 25

phrase structure rules

Answer 25

a type of rewrite rule used to describe a given language's syntax and are closely associated with the early stages of transformational grammar

Question 26

subordinate clauses

Answer 26

a group of words that has both a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone as a sentence.

Question 27

clause

Answer 27

part of the sentence that contains a verb.

Question 28

sentences

Answer 28

a unit of written texts delimited by graphological features such as upper case letters and markers such as periods, question marks, and exclamation marks.

Question 29

matrix clause

Answer 29

a clause that contains a subordinate clause.

Question 30

main clause

Answer 30

a clause that. may stand alone as a complete sentence, and. expresses the focal predication when occurring in a complex sentence.

Question 31

predicate

Answer 31

the portion of a clause, excluding the subject, that expresses something about the subject

Question 32

subject-verb agreement

Answer 32

a syntactic process which requires subject and verb to share the same person and number features

Question 33

case

Answer 33

a linguistics term regarding a manner of categorizing nouns, pronouns, adjectives, participles, and numerals according to their traditionally corresponding grammatical functions within a given phrase, clause, or sentence.

Question 34

transitive verbs

Answer 34

transitivity is a property of verbs that relates to whether a verb can take direct objects and how many such objects a verb can take. It is closely related to valency, which considers other verb arguments in addition to direct objects.

Question 35

intransitive verbs

Answer 35

does not allow a direct object. This is distinct from a transitive verb, which takes one or more objects. The verb property is called transitivity. Intransitive verbs are often identified as those that can't be followed by who or what.

Question 36

ditransitive

Answer 36

Of a class of verbs which take both a direct and an indirect object.

Question 37

direct object

Answer 37

a grammatical relation that exhibits a combination of certain independent syntactic properties, such as the following: The usual grammatical characteristics of the patient of typically transitive verbs.

Question 38

indirect object

Answer 38

a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that occurs in addition to a direct object after some verbs and indicates the person or thing that receives what is being given or done.

Question 39

adverbial (adjunct)

Answer 39

a word, phrase, or clause that modifies an entire clause by providing additional information about time, place, manner, condition, purpose, reason, result, and concession.

Question 40

complement

Answer 40

a word, phrase, or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a given expression.