Synthesis, Structure, and Function Flashcards by Cameron Chandler

What does a nucleic acid consist of?

Phosphate group
Five Carbon sugars (2’-deoxyribose/ribose)
Purine or Pyrimidine base

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What determines the function of a Nucleic Acid?

It’s structure

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What is the foundation for Nucleic Acids?

Purines and Pyrimidines
Nitrogenous bases

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Describe a Purine

Two Carbon-Nitrogen rings

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Describe a Pyrimidine

One Carbon-Nitrogen ring

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Adenine and Guanine are grouped into…

Purines

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Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil are grouped into…

Pyrimidines

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What is the difference between a Nucleic Acid and a Nucleoside?

Nucleoside adds a sugar (Deoxyribose/Ribose) to Purine or Pyrimidine

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What do we call a Nucleoside formed with Ribose to Adenine; What is Deoxyribose to Guanine?

Adenosine
Deoxyguanosine

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What do we call a Ribose attached to Uracil?

Cytidine

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What do we call a Deoxyribose attached to Thymine?

Thymidine

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What does not require a prefix and why?

Thymidine
It is only found in DNA

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What will NEVER be combined with Deoxyribose?

Uracil

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How is a Nucleotide formed?

Adding a Phosphate group to a Nucleoside

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What are the base pairs found in DNA?

Adenine to Thymine (A–T)
Cytosine to Guanine (C–G)

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What is the flow of genetic information in DNA?

DNA to RNA to Protein

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The Transcription process is a result of what?

Synthesis of mRNA

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What allows Transcription?

Enzyme RNA Polymerase
Three stages

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List the three steps involved in Transcription

Initiation, Chain Elongation, Termination

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Translation is also called…

The process of Protein Synthesis

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What is responsible for Genetic Code?

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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What is responsible for building proteins and binding Amino Acids together?

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

What is responsible for ensuring the correct Amino Acid sequence and allowing an Anticodon to read a Codon?

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

What are the building blocks of proteins and how are they built?

Amino Acids
One Amino
One Carboxylic Acid
Side Chain (R group)

How many Natural Amino Acids are there?

How do Amino Acids differ from each other?

Composition of the R group (side chains)

What are Essential Amino Acids?

Cannot be synthesized quickly enough and come from the diet About half

What are Non-Essential Amino Acids?

Those that our body needs but is able to be produced

Dietary Intake is the primary source for what?

Amino Acids

How are Amino Acids linked together?

Covalent Peptide Bonds

Explain the process of an Amide bond being created

Amino group from one Amino Acid bonds to the Carboxyl group of another Amino Acid Forms Peptide bond

What is the Primary Structure for a protein?

Specific sequence of Amino Acid Defined by the DNA or RNA with cell

What forms the Secondary Structure for proteins?

Primary Structures being flexible enough to bend and form patterns while in a solution

What is the criteria for something to be called a Protein?

40 or more Amino Acids Linked together by Peptide bonds

What is the purpose of the Secondary Structure and it's possible patterns?

Adds strength and flexibility Hydrogen bonds between Carbonyl and Amine groups A-Helix, B-Pleated, Random Coil

What is a Tertiary Structure?

A unique fold granting specific properties allowing for function

What is a Quaternary Structure?

Main protein folded organized as Aggregates Identical or different Polypeptide Chains

List the Examples of Quaternary Structures

Lactate Dehydrogenase Hemoglobin Creatine Kinase

What is Denaturation and what does it effect?

Unfolding of the protein structure Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

What are the causes of Denaturation?

Increased Temperature Mechanical Stress pH Variation Organic Solvents Detergents Intelligent Minds Play Osu Daily

What is Irreversible and results in loss of protein structure and function?

Denaturation

What are the functions of Proteins?

Enzymatic Structural Hormonal Defensive Storage Transport Receptor Contractile Energy Source Osmotic Forces Every Season Has Definitely Shown That Race Cars Eat Oil

Describe Enzymatic Proteins

Catalysts reducing the amount of time and energy to complete reactions

Describe Structural Proteins

Provide Mechanical Support Ex. Keratin

Describe Hormonal Proteins

Chemical messengers to transmit signals Ex. Insulin, Glucagon, Oxytocin

Describe Defensive Proteins

Destroy and remove harmful material Ex. Antibodies

Describe Storage Proteins

Source of supplies for the body Ex. Ferritin

Describe Transport Proteins

Carry materials from one place to another Ex. Transferrin, Hemoglobin, Transcuprein

Describe Receptor Proteins

Control substances entering and leaving the cells

Describe Contractile Proteins

Necessary for all forms of movement Ex. Actin, Myosin

Describe Energy Source (Protein Function)

Proteins serve as a reserve source of energy

Describe Regulation of pH (Protein Function)

Serve as buffer to regulate pH Ex. Albumin

Describe Osmotic Force (Protein Function)

Regulate distribution of water throughput the body Ex. Albumin

What can lead to increased levels of Interstitial Fluid and Edema?

A reduced level of Plasma Proteins