synthetic routes and conditions Flashcards by aishani somaiya

Q

alkane to haloalkane

A

free radical substitution
uv
halogen

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Q

alkene to alkane

A

hydrogen, nickel catalyst

hydrogenation

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Q

alkene to haloalkane

A

hydrogen halide
halogenation reaction
electrophilic addition

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Q

alkene to alcohol

A

hydration
steam
H3PO4

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Q

haloalkane to nitrile (-CN)

A

nucleophilic substitution

NaCN/ethanol/reflux

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Q

haloalkane to amine

A

nh3/ethanol

nucleophilic substitution

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Q

haloalkane to alcohol

A

nucleophilic substitution
NaOH (aq)
reflux

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Q

alcohol to alkene

A

elimination reaction

H3PO4, heat

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Q

alcohol to haloalkane

A

sodium halide, H2SO4

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Q

alcohol to ester

A

CA/acid anhydride/acyl chloride
H2SO4 conc
reflux
heat

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Q

primary alcohol to carboxylic acid

A

acidified potassium dichromate

reflux

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Q

primary alcohol to aldehyde

A

acidified potassium dichromate

distil

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Q

secondary alcohol to ketone

A

acidified potassium dichromate
reflux
oxidation

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Q

aldehyde to primary alcohol

A

reduction

warm aqueous NaBH4

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Q

aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

A

NaCN/H+ aq

to make HCN which is what reacts with aldehyde

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Q

aldehyde to CA

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A

reflux
oxidation
acidified potassium dichromate

Q

ketone to secondary alcohol

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A

warm aq NaBH4, reduction

Q

ketone to hydroxynitrile

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A

NaCN/H+ aq

Q

CA to ester

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A

alcohol

conc H2SO4

Q

CA to acyl chloride

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A

SOCl2

Q

ester to CA

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A

H2O in acid (e.g. dilute HCl acts as catalyst)
heat
reflux

Q

ester to carboxylate

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A

NaOH
heat
hydrolysis reaction

Q

acyl chloride to CA

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A

H2O

Q

acyl chloride to ester

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A

alcohol
reflux
heat conc H2SO4

acyl chloride to primary amide

nh3

acyl chloride to secondary amide

primary amine

nitrile to amine

na in ethanol, reflux

nitrile to CA

H2O, HCl, heat

hydroxynitrile to amine

na and ethanol, reflux

hydroxynitrile to CA

H2O, HCl, heat

benzene to halobenzene

X2, AlCl3 catalyst, warm

benzene to phenylketone

acyl chloride, alcl3 catalyst, reflux

benzene to alkyl benzene

haloalkane, alcl3 catalyst, reflux

benzene to nitrobenzene

conc HNO3 conc H2SO4 warm

nitrobenzene to phenylamine

tin, conc ccl reflux then naoh

phenol to sodium phenoxide

NaOH, 20 degrees

phenol to phenyl ester

acyl chloride, 20 degrees

phenol to nitrophenol

dilute HNO3, 20 degrees

phenol to tribromophenol

bromine water, 20 degrees