Systemic conditions (OS4) Flashcards
angina
definition- chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to heart
causes - coronary artery disease, narrowing of coronary arteries
presentation - chest pain and discomfort, tightness, short breath, radiation to jaw, neck, arm
management - aprin, beta blockers, stenting, live healthy lifestyle
myocardial infarction
definition- serious medical emergency in which the supply of blood to the heart is suddenly blocked, usually by a blood clot
causes - atherosclerosis, hypertension, high cholestrol
presentation - chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, fatigue
management - oxygen therapy, beta blockers, coronary artery bypasss surgery, stenting
pericarditis
definition - condition that occurs when lining around heart becomes inflamed
causes - viral or bacterial infection, tuberculosis, cancer, trauma
presentation - chest pain, short breath, tachycardia, light head, fatigue
management - NSAIDS, Corticosteroids, removal of pericardium
aortic dissection
definition - a tear in inner lining of the aorta
causes - hypertension, aortic aneurysm, genetics, trauma
presentation - sudden severe chest or back pain, short breath, sweating, rapid heartbeat, nausea
management - blood pressure control, endovascular repair
valvar heart disease
a group of conditions in which one or more of heart valves arent functioning properly
causes- age related, infections, high blood pressue etc
presentation - short breath, chest pain, tachycardia, fatigue
management - surgeries, blood pressure control, living a healthy lifestyle
non cardiac causes of chest pain
costochondritis
rib fracture
intercostal neuralgia
herpes zoster
pulmonary stenosis
pneumonia
congestive heart faliure
a condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively throughout the body
causes - hypertension, heart valve disease, alcohol abuse
presentation - short breath, fatigue, chest pain, decreased urine output
management - beta blockers - coronary bypass surgery, stenting heart valve surgery
aneurysm
bulging of the wall of an artery, causing it to be weak and potentially rupture
causes - hypertension, atherosclerosis, trauma, smoking
presentation - back pain, tenderness, weakness, numbness
management - anti hypertensive therapy, open repair, healthy lifestyle
hypertrophic changes in heart
increase in the size of the heart muscle
causes - genetics, athletes heart, high blood pressure, obtrusive sleep apnea
presentation - chest pain, short breath, irregular heartbeat
management beta blockers, spetal myectomy, alcohol septal ablation
atrial dibrillation
type of irregular heart rhythm characterised by rapid anc chaotic contractions of the atria
causes - age, heart disease, hypertension, thyroid disease, sleep apnea
presentation - palpitations, weakness, dizziness, fatigue
management - antiocoagulants, beta blockers, catheter ablation, healthy lifestyle
heart palpitations
irregular or excessively fast heartbeat, can cause fluttering or pounding sensation
causes - caffeine, alcohol, tobacco use, certain medications
presentation - fluttering or pounding, lightheadedness, dizziness, chest pain
management - reduce caffeine and alcohol, avoid triggers for stress, beta blockers, catheter ablation
dyspnoea
a medical term used to describe shortness of breath
causes - cardiac problems, pulmonary conditions, anemia, obesity, anxiety, muscle weakness
clinical presentation - shortness of breath, chest tightness, wheezing, rapid breathing, fatigue
management - bronchodilatos, steroids, healthy lifestyle, lung transplantation, surgery for pulmonary fibrosis
syncope
sudden and temporary loss of consciousness - fainting
causes - dehydration, orthostatic hypotension, heart conditions, anaemia, seizures
presentation - sudden loss of consciousness, weakness or dizziness, nausea or vomiting
management - reassurance and support, lying down and elevating the legs, pacemaker for individuals with arrhythmias
oedema
the accumulation of fluid in the bodies tissues
caused by heart faliure, kidney or liver disease, nutritional imbalances, infections
presents as swelling, tenderness
manage by weight reduction and lifestyle modifications, lymphatic drainage, elevation
claudication
pain as cramping in calf, thigh or buttock
caused by atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension
presents as pain, aching or cramping in legs, subsides with rest, weakness
statins, cholestrol lowering meds, healthy lifestyle
