Systemic Disease

Question 1

The following occurs in reversible cell injury:
A. accumulation of intracellular Na
B. Lactic acid build-up intracellularly
C. Cellular edema
D. Increase in intracellular pH
E. A, B, and C

Answer 1

E. A, B, and C

accumulation of lactic acid causes intracellular pH to decrease

Question 2

Death of one or more cells as a result of irreversible injury is known as:
A. Apoptosis
B. Necrosis
C. Apocrosis

Answer 2

B. Necrosis
Recall that COAGULATIVE NECROsIs occurs in the heart in myocardial infarctions
Recall that LIQUEFACTIVE NECROsIs occurs in the lungs with abscesses (in fact, abscesses cause liquefactive necrosis wherever they occur)

Question 3

Which of the following processes is responsible for programmed death of cells and is pivotal for development during embryogenesis?
A. Apoptosis
B. Necrosis
C. Apecrosis

Answer 3

A.
In retinal development over half of the ganglion cells are initially formed with the plan (APOPTOsIs) that they will die to allow ideal conditions for development

Question 4

Which of the following is the most common chromosomal disorder?
A. Edward's syndrome
B. Down's syndrome
C. Klinefelter's syndrome
D. Turner's syndrome

Answer 4

B.

Question 5

Marfan's syndrome is an example of a \_\_\_\_\_ disorder.
A. Autosomal recessive
B. Autosomal dominant
C. X-linked
D. Mitochondrial

Answer 5

B.
Neurofibromatosis is another condition w/ocular manifestations that is AUTOsOMAL DOMINANT. FAP and Gardner’s syndrome are also autosomal dominant disorders

Question 6

An extra chromosome 18 causes:
A. Down's syndrome
B. Edward's syndrome
C. Turner's syndrome
D. Klinefelter's syndrome

Answer 6

B.

Question 7

Match the ocular manifestation w/the disease: 1. Marfan's syndrome, 2. Neurofibromatosis, 3. Osteogenesis Imperfecta, 4. Leber's Optic Neuropathy
A. Lisch nodules
B. Lens subluxation
C. Optic nerve disease
D. Blue sclera

Answer 7

1-B
2-A
3-D
4-C

Question 8

sickle cell anemia occurs as a result of the following amino acid substitution:
A. Glutamic acid replaced by Valine
B. Valine replaced by glutamic acid
C. Arginine replaced by Valine
D. Glutamic acid replaced by Arginine

Answer 8

A. Glutamic acid replaced by Valine

Recall that sickle cell causes sea-fan retinopathy

Question 9

Which of the following may cause Vitamin B12 deficiency?
A. Chloramphenicol
B. Lack of intrinsic factor
C. Acetazolamide
D. Methotrextate

Answer 9

B. Lack of intrinsic factor

Question 10

HIV is transmitted vial all of the following except:
A. sexual contact
B. IV drugs
C. mouth inoculation
D. Blood transfusions

Answer 10

C. mouth inoculation

Recall that sexual contact is the most common

Question 11

Which of the following is a co-morbid condition that simultaneously affects a large percentage of patients diagnosed with myasthenia gravis?
A. Sleep apnea
B. Lung carcinoma
C. Thymus gland abnormalities
D. Diabetes mellitus
E. Hypertension
F. Thyroid disease

Answer 11

C. Explanation - Approximately 75% of patients diagnosed with myasthenia gravis have concurrent thymus gland abnormalities; of these patients, 85% show hyperplasia or germinal center formation. Encapsulated tumors or thymomas occur in the remaining 10-30% of these patients. In patients diagnosed with ocular myasthenia only, the overall risk of thymoma is reduced to approximately 4%. Due to the relationship between the occurrence of myasthenia gravis and thymus gland abnormalities, it is thought that the thymus may play a significant role in the autoimmune response seen in this condition. In addition to thymus gland abnormalities, patients with myasthenia gravis also tend to have an association with hyper and/or hypothyroidism (3-15%), rheumatoid arthritis (5%), and systemic lupus erythematosus (2%).