Systemic Response to Injury Part 2

Question 1

Seven identified chromatin modifications:

Answer 1

Acetylation
Methylation
Phosphorylation
Ubiquitinylation
Sumoylation
ADP ribosylation
Deimination
Proline isomerization

Question 2

The role of histone modifications in the regulation of gene expressions is referred to:

Answer 2

Epigenetic control

Question 3

Pretreatment of this antagonist reduce the expression of selected inflammatory genes in LPS activated macrophages. Also confers protection against bacteria induced sepsis.

Answer 3

I-BET ( a synthetic compound)

Question 4

Important translational regulator of gene expression via their binding to partially complementary sequences in 3’ untranslated region. It also suppress the expression of NF-KB target genes such as IL-6, IL-8, IL-1B and TNF a.

Answer 4

microRNAs (miRNAs)

Question 5

Small, circulating fragments of megakaryocyte, that plays a role in hemostasis and in both local and systemic inflammatory response following ischemia reperfusion.

Answer 5

Platelets

Question 6

Th lymphocytes:

Recognition and killing of intracellular pathogens (cellular immunity) (pro inflammatory)

Answer 6

Th1 cells

Question 7

Th lymphocytes:

Regulation of antibody production ( humoral immunity) (anti inflammatory)

Answer 7

Th2 cells

Question 8

Th lymphocytes:

Maintenance of mucosal immunity and barrier integrity

Answer 8

Th17 cells

Question 9

Known inhibitors of Th1 response

Answer 9

IL-4 and IL-10

Question 10

Known inhibitor of Th2 response

Answer 10

Interferon-Y

Question 11

Decreased in production of this IL by activated macrophages, has been associated with increased risk of infectious complications following surgery and trauma

Answer 11

IL-12

Question 12

Have immune suppressive activity through increased expression of arginase that potentially deplete the microenvironment of arginine, leading to further T cell dysfunction

Answer 12

Myeloid derived suppressor cells

Question 13

Frequently referred to as “professional APCs” since their principal function is to capture, process and and present both exogenous and endogenous antigens, capable of inducing primary immune response in resting naive T lymphocyes

Answer 13

Dendritic cells

Question 14

Immunocytes whose primary function are antihelminthic. Activated by IL-3, IL-5,GM-CSF, chemoattractants and PAF.

Answer 14

Eosinophils

Question 15

Located in the tissues and plays an important role in anaphylactic response to allergens and TNF Release for neutrophil recruitment and pathogen clearance

Answer 15

Mast cells

Question 16

Main effector cells of the immune response to infection and injury that include phagocytosis of microbial pathogens, release of inflammatory mediators and clearance of apoptotic cells

Answer 16

Macrophages

Question 17

Among the first responders to sites of infection and injury and are potent mediators of acute inflammation

Answer 17

Neutrophils

Question 18

Effective mechanism whereby neutrophils can immobilize bacteria to facilitate their killing by extruding a meshwork of chromatin fibers, composed of DNA and histones that are decorated with granule contents

Answer 18

Neutrophil extracellular Traps (NET)

Question 19

A family of basic proteins that help condense DNA into tightly packed nucleosomes that limit transcription

Answer 19

Histones

Question 20

Has overall anticoagulant properties and performs a critical function as barriers that regulate tissue migration of circulating cells

Answer 20

Vascular endothelium

Question 21

Mediates neutrophil recruitment as early as within 10 to 20 minutes through prestored reservoirs of molecule and is mobilized to the cell surface

Answer 21

P-selectin

Question 22

A family of small proteins (8 to 13 kDa) that has chemotactic and activating effects on inflammatory cells

Answer 22

Chemokines

Question 23

Chemokines are distinguished from cytokines by virtue of their receptors which are members of:

Answer 23

G protein coupled receptor superfamily

Question 24

Chemokine families:

Contain 2 N terminus cysteine residues that are immediately adjacent

Answer 24

CC chemokines

Question 25

Chemokine families:

Particularly important for neutrophil pro inflammatory function, and are separated by a single amino acid

Answer 25

CXC chemokines

Question 26

Initially known as endothelium-derived relaxing factor d/t its effect on vascular smooth muscle. It reduces microthrombosis and interferes with leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium.

Answer 26

Nitric oxide (NO)

Question 27

The vasodilatory effects of NO are mediated by:

Answer 27

Guanylyl cyclase

Question 28

Is increased in response to pro inflammatory mediators TNFa and IL-1b, as well as microbial products, d/t up regulation of iNOS expression

Answer 28

NO synthesis

Question 29

True or False: During systemic inflammation, endothelial prostacyclin expression is impaired, and thus endothelium favors a more procoagulant profile.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Is a potent vasodilator that also inhibits platelet aggregation

Answer 30

Prostacyclin

Question 31

Potent mediators of vasoconstriction and are composed of 3 members: ET-1, ET-2, and ET-3.

Answer 31

Endothelins

Question 32

Synthesized by endothelial cells, us the most potent endogenous vasoconstrictor and is estimated to be 10 times more potent than angoitensin 2.

Answer 32

ET-1

Question 33

Major lipid constituent of plasma membrane. Its enzymatic processing by cPLA2 or iPLA2 generates small lipid molecules, which function as intracellular second messengers.

Answer 33

Phosphatidylcholine

Question 34

Released by immune cells during acute inflammation following the activation of PLA2

Answer 34

Platelet activating factor (PAF)

Question 35

Family of peptides that are released primarily by atrial tissue but are also synthesized by the gut, kidney, brain, adrenal glands and endothelium. Increased in the setting of cardiac disorders.

Answer 35

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)