Systems Flashcards
(30 cards)
Primary organs of the digestive system
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- anus
Accessory organs of the digestive system
- salivary glands
- liver
- pancreas
- gallbladder
What is the function of the salivary glands?
secrete amylase and mucus which breaks down carbs.
What are the 2 functions of the liver?
- detoxifies blood from intestines before blood continues to rest of body
- Liver produces bile that is then stored and released by the gall bladder
What is the function of the pancreas?
-releases bicarbonate ions into the duodenum that increases pH to neutralize chyme (since chyme is in the stomach and the stomach is full of acids and bicarbonate is a base, acid + base = neutral)
-the increase in the pH deactivates pepsin and activates the pancreatic digestive enzymes
Name the pancreatic digestive enzymes
- carboxylase
- lipases
- protease
How do the pancreas and gall bladder know when to release their secretions?
- hormones from the duodenum
Name, describe, and locate the hormones secreted
secretin:
- released due to acidity of chyme
- causes the PANCREAS to release bicarbonate into the duodenum
CCK:
- released due to the presence of amino acids and fatty acids
- causes GAL BLADDER to release bile to the duodenum
What are some examples of macro and micro nutrients?
micro:
- vitamins and minerals
macro:
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
Define macro vs micronutrients
- micronutrients are nutrients we need in smaller quantities
- macronutrients are nutrients we need in larger quantities
What is the function of the epiglottis and esophagus?
- epiglottis allows the food to enter the esophagus while denying it from entering the trachea
- esophagus pushes down food from the mouth to the stomach using its muscular structure
What is the function of the stomach?
- has a thick muscular wall that contracts to mash the food into a sloppy soup called chyme (mechanical)
- Stomach lining produces mucus to protect it, and strong digestive juices that chemically break down food (chemical)
What is the function of the small intestine?
- absorption of nutrients into blood
- consists of small finger-like projects called villi which increase the surface area therefore increasing absorption
What goes on in the duodenum?
- produces hormones
- receives enzymes/secretions from pancreas and gall bladder
- where chyme enters
What is the function of the large intestine?
absorbs water and electrolytes
Describe the path air takes through the respiratory system
- nasal/oral cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- lungs
- blood
Arrange the following in order alveoli, bronchi, capillaries, and bronchioles
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
- capillaries
what is the function/structure of the trachea?
- trachea has a skeletal like c shaped structure that allows the air to enter and exit the body
What is vital capacity?
vital capacity is the MAXIMUM amount of air that can be expired after a max inspiration
What is tidal volume?
amount of air in and out in a normal breath
What is total lung capacity?
maximum air in lungs after maximum inspiration (without exhalation)
Ventilation (breathing) vs respiration
- ventilation is the process of bringing air into the lungs (mechanical)
- respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the external environment (chemical)
What are the requirements for diffusion?
- a concentration gradient (high to low)
- semi permeable membrane
- large surface area
Describe counter current exchange in fish
- water passes over the gills in the opposite direction of the blood flow
- ensures blood with low oxygen concentration is always adjacent to water with high [O2] to maximize O2 diffusion
