Systems

Question 1

What is physiology?

Answer 1

Mechanisms of living things - cell function at ionic & molecular level to integrated behaviour of the whole body

Question 2

What is pathophysiology?

Answer 2

The study of when function goes wrong in disease

Question 3

Explain the scientfic method

Answer 3

1)Idea/thought 2)Hypothesis(testable) 3) Theory - reproducible experimental data 4) Facts (very few in science)

Question 4

How many body systems are there?

Answer 4

11

Question 5

Name the body systems?

Answer 5

Skeletal, muscular, nervous, digestive, urinary, respiratory, circulatory, endocrine, immune, integumentary, reproductive

Question 6

What is a system?

Answer 6

Group of organs that perform a specific function

Question 7

What is integration?

Answer 7

An overlap between systems

Question 8

How many bones in the human body?

Answer 8

206 bones

Question 9

How many ribs are there?

Answer 9

24 - 12 pairs

Question 10

What is the function of the ribs?

Answer 10

Support weight & withstand force of contracting muscles

Question 11

Explain osteoblasts?

Answer 11

Make bone via deposition

Question 12

Explain osteocytes?

Answer 12

Terminally differentiated osteoblasts trapped in a matrix of hydroxyapatite (Ca2+ mineral) & osteoid (protein)

Question 13

Explain osteoclasts?

Answer 13

Break down bone (resorption) - secrete acid to break down hydroxyapatite & enzymes to breakdown osteoid

Question 14

What processes allow for bone repair?

Answer 14

Resorption & deposition

Question 15

When and how do bones weaken?

Answer 15

> 30 years - resorption>deposition

Question 16

What disease is caused by a lack of growth hormone?

Answer 16

Achondroplasia

Question 17

Explain achondroplasia?

Answer 17

Lack of GH - dwarfism - children can receive GH treatment

Question 18

When do long bones stop growing?

Answer 18

When the epiphyseal plate is calcified

Question 19

Explain bone development

Answer 19

Long bones grow in childhood - chondrocytes divide & enlarge in response to growth hormone - trapped in calcification in bone - die & replaced by osteoblasts - process stops in adolescents when the epiphyseal plate is calcified

Question 20

Name & give a function for the types of muscles

Answer 20

Skeletal - move skeleton except tongue, anal sphincter, & diaphragm
Cardiac - allows contractions of heart
Smooth - contraction & relaxation of vasculature & digestive system

Question 21

How many nerve cells are in the brain?

Answer 21

10^11 nerve cells (0.1% cells) - 10^14 synapses

Question 22

What do nerve cells do?

Answer 22

Connect body to brain - conduct electrical impulses - control muscle movement, hormone secretion & be blocked by neurotoxins

Question 23

How long is the GI tract?

Answer 23

4.5m Tube from mouth to rectum

Question 24

Explain some functions of the digestive system?

Answer 24

Water & food enter the body, nutrients absorbed, waste gas exit via lungs, waste water excreted via kidneys, unabsorbed materials exit in the form of faeces

Question 25

Explain the function of the urinary system?

Answer 25

Water is absorbed in blood & kidney regulates total amount of water via secretion & reabsorption - excess lost via excretion

Question 26

Explain the respiratory system's function?

Answer 26

Diaphragm contracts & relaxes - moves lungs which drives gas exchange - ATP produced by most cells - O2 & glucose used, CO2 & Water released

Question 27

How many times does our heart beat?

Answer 27

3,000,000,000

Question 28

How much blood is pumped by the heart?

Answer 28

70ml/beat - 72 bpm

Question 29

Explain some functions of the circulatory system?

Answer 29

Transport: O2 carried by erythrocytes, nutrients dissolved in blood, CO2 & waste excretion, hormones

Question 30

Explain the flow of blood

Answer 30

Deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart, pumped to the lungs, re-enters the left side of the heart and pumped into systemic circuit

Question 31

Explain the immune system?

Answer 31

Innate & adaptive immunity - inflammatory response

Question 32

Explain the integumentary system?

Answer 32

Skin = largest organ - skin, gland, & their products (mucous, sweat), protects & informs of surroundings (temp/touch regulators), colour determined by level of melanin, sweat is part of the innate immune system (pH4 - prevent bacterial colonisation)

Question 33

What is the main goal of the reproductive system?

Answer 33

Egg & sperm fuse to give rise to offspring

Question 34

What size is a human cell?

Answer 34

17μm

Question 35

Explain where genes are located and their functions in the cell?

Answer 35

Chromosomes in nucleus, 3x10^9 bp DNA encodes 30,000 genes - DNA transcribed into RNA - translated into protein - determine function of cell

Question 36

What is rhodopsin?

Answer 36

348aa - sensitive to light - located in retina

Question 37

What is CFTR?

Answer 37

1,480aa Cl- ion transporter in secretory cells