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Anat20006 > Systems > Flashcards

Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Axial skeleton components?

A

Thoracic cage

Skull

Spine

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2
Q

Appendicular skeleton components?

A

Pectoral and Pelvic girdle including the clavicle

Upper and lower limb bones

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3
Q

What are features of long bones?

What are some long bones?

A

Medulla cavity

Compact bone outer lining

spongy inner in epiphysis

grow by endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate

Tibula, fibula, humerus, radius, clavicle, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges

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4
Q

What characterises short bones

A

Their cuboid shape

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5
Q

What are some short bones?

A

Carpals and tarsals

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6
Q

What flat bones are there and what are their features?

A

The skull, sternum, rib cage, scapula

They perform the majority of haematopoiesis and protect viscera

They do not have a medulla cavity

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7
Q

Irregular bone examples?

A

Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, mandible

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8
Q

What are sesamoid bones? What is their function?

A

Bones that are embedded in tendon or muscle

allow a smooth surface for tendons to slide over

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9
Q

What are the types of bone cells?

A

Osteoblasts - bone producing

Osteoclasts - bone dissolving

Osteocytes

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10
Q

What are the three segments of a long bone?

A

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11
Q

What is the periosteum and its functions?

A

Outer lining of bone

Highly innvervated and proprioceptive

Highly vascular and supplies the bone’s blood

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12
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Inner membrane lining of the bone made of connective tissue

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13
Q

Which direction does the nutrient foramen face?

A

Away from the growing end of the bone

The growing end of the bone is the faster growing end

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14
Q

What kinds of ossification are there?

A

Endochondral and intramembranous

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15
Q

Describe ossification at the primary centre

A

Hyaline cartilage model replaced by bone

Occurs in the diaphysis and grows outwards

Occurs in week 8 in utero

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16
Q

What types of bone are there?

A

Cortical/compact bone - resists dynamic forces

Spongy/diploe/trabecular bone - made up of air filled bubbles called trabeculae - resists static forces

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17
Q

Describe ossification at the secondary centre

A

The epiphyseal artery invades the epiphysis

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts brought to epiphysis

Cartilage at epiphyseal plate replaced by bone

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18
Q

What are pressure epiphysis associated with?

A

Joints

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19
Q

What are traction epiphyses associated with?

A

Tendons and ligaments

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20
Q

Where can hyaline cartilage be found and what properties does it have?

A

On articular surfaces

Aneural and avascular

Glossy and smooth

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21
Q

What structures are fibrocartilage part of and what are their properties?

A

Discs, menisci, labrum

It is dense and has irregular collagen fibres

made of both cartilage and fibrous tissue

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22
Q

What structures are made of elastic cartilage?

A

The external ear, parts of the larynx and the epiglottis

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23
Q

What other arteries supply a long bone other than the nutrient artery?

What other vessels accompany these arteries?

A

Periosteal, metaphyseal, epiphyseal

Lymph vessels

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24
Q

When does anastamoses occur between the end arteries of the epiphysis and the metaphysis?

A

When the epiphyseal growth plate closes

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25
Q

A

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26
Q

A

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27
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

Bone broken by bending in children

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28
Q

What are the kinds of fibrous joints?

A

Suture

Syndesmosis

Gomphosis

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29
Q

What is a syndesmosis joint?

A

Fibrous tissue joining two long bones

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30
Q

What is a primary cartilaginous joint?

A

Hyaline cartilage btween bones (articular surface)

Hyaline cartilage which disappears during development (epiphyseal plate)

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31
Q

What is a secondary cartilaginous joint?

A

Fibrocartilage between hyaline cartilage usually in the midline

(interverterbral disc)

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32
Q

What characterises synovial joints?

A

fibrous joint capsule

Synovial fluid

Synovial membrane

Extensive movement

Joint cavity

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33
Q

What are the uniaxial synovial joints?

A

Plane

Hinge

Pivot

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34
Q

What are the bi-axial synovial joints?

A

Condylar

Saddle

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35
Q

What characterises a complex synovial joint?

A

Subdivision of joint cavity

Fibrocartilaginous disc

Incomplete menisci

Allows greater ROM but retains stability

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36
Q

What does synovial membrane line?

A

Non-articular surfaces

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37
Q

What are features of a fibrous capsule?

A

Intrinsic ligament thickenings

Highly innervated (proprioceptive)

Poorly vascularised

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38
Q

What are features of synovial membrane?

A

Secretion of synovial fluid

Highly vascular

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39
Q

What is effusion of synovial membrane?

A

Irritation of synovial membrane

Excess synovial fluid secretion

40
Q

What is haemarthrosis?

A

Tearing of synovial membrane

Bleeding into joint cavity

41
Q

What is the function of collateral ligaments at hinge joints?

A

To prevent lateral movement

42
Q

A
43
Q

What are ligaments composed of?

A

Dense collagen fibres (fibrous connective tissue)

Resists tension

44
Q

What is an avulsion fracture?

A

Ligament tearing bone away from bone

45
Q

What percentage of fibres are disrupted in a type II ligament injury?

A

50%

46
Q

What is the intracapsular tendon?

A

Tendon extending from inside of capsule to the outside

Stabilises joint

47
Q

What is the purpose of a bursae

A

cushion for joints

reduce friction between bones

Filled with synovial fluid

48
Q

What purpose do fat pads serve?

A

Shock absorbing

Spread synovial fluid

49
Q

what separates subluxation and dislocation

A

Subluxation is partial dislocation

50
Q

What are the three layer of skin and their derivations?

A

Epidermis - ectoderm

Dermis - mesoderm

Hypodermis - mesoderm

51
Q

What are the layers of epidermis?

A

Top - Stratum corneum (Keratinocytes, melanocytes)

Bottom - Stratum basalis (Basal cells)

52
Q

What are the connective layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary - Epidermis to dermis

Reticular - Dermis to hypodermis

53
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A

Blood vessels

Sweat glands

Sebaceous glands

Hair follicles/muscular tissue

Sensory nerve endings

54
Q

What are other names for the hypodermis?

A

Subcutaneous tissue

Superficial fascia

(contains fat)

55
Q

What direction does skin run in relation to muscle?

A

Perpendicular

56
Q

What skin does not contain hair follicles and sebaceous glands?

A

Thick skin (in the palm and sole of foot)

57
Q

What does the pilosebaceous gland include?

A

Arrector pili muscle

Hair and hair follicle

Sebaceous gland

58
Q

What are the kinds of sweat glands?

A

Sudoriferous (water)

Odoriferous (smell)

Sebaceous (oil)

Ceruminous (ear wax)

Mammary (milk)

59
Q

Which layer of skin is highly vascularised and innervated?

Which is not?

A

Epidermis avascular and aneural

Dermis highly innvervated and vascularised

60
Q

What kinds of sensory nerves are in the dermis?

A

Mechanoreceptors

Nociceptors (pain)

61
Q

What are the visceral (Efferent) sympathetic nerves in the dermis?

A

Vasomotor (vessel dilation)

Sudomotor (sweat producing)

Pilomotor (hair erecting)

62
Q

What segment of a limb plexus innervates the distal segment of a limb?

A

The middle segment

63
Q

What covers the outside of the muscle and eventually becomes tendon?

A

Epimysium

64
Q

What covers the muscle fascicle?

A

Perimysium

65
Q

What covers groups of muscle fibres?

A

Endomysium

66
Q

A

67
Q

A

68
Q

A

69
Q

A

70
Q

A

71
Q

A

72
Q

A

73
Q

Where are resistance, fulcrum and effort in a first order lever?

A

Fulcrum centred

74
Q

A

Second order lever

(wheelbarrow setup)

provides power

75
Q

Where are resistance, fulcrum and effort in a third order lever?

A

These provide rapid movement at the expense of power

76
Q

What form of skeletal muscle gives most power?

A

Oblique (multipennate muscles)

77
Q

What is an avascular structure derived from mesoderm?

A

Articular cartilage

78
Q

What are the three tunics of vessels and their composition?

A

Intima - endothelium

Media - smooth muscle

adventitia - fibrous tissue

79
Q

Where are the elastic fibres in an artery?

A

In the media

80
Q

What kinds of arteries are there?

A

Elastic (closest to the heart, maintain constant pressure with pulse)

Muscular (Highly muscular and branched)

81
Q

What are properties of arterioles?

A

Thick walls but small lumen

Innervated by sympathetic NS specifically vasomotor nerve fibres

Tonus of arterioles determines blood pressure

82
Q

What does anastomoses accomplish?

A

Peripheral circulation around main artery which can be compressed

83
Q

What is a thrombus and embolus?

A

A thrombus is a blood clot

An embolus is when a thrombus fully blocks a vessel

84
Q

What are perforating veins?

A

Veins which connect superficial veins to deep veins

85
Q

What is the function of venae comitantes

A

To facilitate heat exchange between veins and arteries

Two cooler blood veins wrap around a warm blood artery

Found in the limbs

86
Q

How does blood flow against gravity?

A

Musculovenous pump

Thoracic pump

87
Q

What does loss of elasticity in perforating veins lead to?

A

Loss of ability to move blood into deep vein

Varicosed veins

88
Q

What encounters and filters lymph first?

A

Sentinal lymph nodes

89
Q

What is the order of drainage of lymph?

A

Lymph capillaries, lymphatics, lymph trunks, lymph duct

90
Q

What area drains to the thoracic duct?

A

All of the body except the upper right quadrant

91
Q

What drains into the right lymphatic duct?

A

Upper right quadrant

92
Q

How many lymph nodes does lymph drain before reaching the venous system?

A

At least one

93
Q

A

94
Q

Where else other than lymph nodes can lymphoid tissue be found?

A

Thumus

Spleen

Tonsils

Peyer’s patches (mucosa of GIT)

95
Q

Which tunic(s) of vessels receive their own blood supply?

A

Media and adventitia

96
Q

How does the intima receive nutrients?

A

Through diffusion

Anat20006 (11 decks)

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