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11U Bio > Systems: Intro > Flashcards

Systems: Intro Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two groups of raw materials that our body needs to live?

A

Micromolecules and macromolecules

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2
Q

What are the four major categories of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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3
Q

Which is the largest of the macromolecule groups?

A

Carbohydrates

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4
Q

A small molecule that can be used to make up a chain of molecules

A

Monomer

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5
Q

A larger molecule made up of repeating units bonded together

A

Polymer

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6
Q

Which macronutrient group is also known as saccharides, starches, or sugars?

A

Carbohydrates

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7
Q

What elements and in what ratio comprise carbohydrates

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in a 1: 2: 1 ratio

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8
Q

What are the three types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

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9
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

Used as an energy source, for short-term energy storage, and to build cell membranes of cells

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10
Q

Which type of carbohydrate produces the quickest burst of energy?

A

Monosaccharide

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11
Q

Carbohydrate made of one monomer sugar ring unit

A

Monosaccharide

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12
Q

Simple sugars that are very sweet and break down in the body easily

A

Monosaccharides

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13
Q

What is the chemical formula for all isomeric monosaccharides?

A

C6H12O6

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14
Q

What is the suffix name for most sugars?

A

-ose

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15
Q

Give three examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose

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16
Q

Forms when two monosaccharides bond together by a condensation reaction

A

Disaccharide

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17
Q

What type of reaction do monosaccharides undergo to form disaccharides?

A

Condensation reaction

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18
Q

Briefly describe a condensation reaction

A

Two molecules are joined together by removing a water molecule

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19
Q

Give three examples of disaccharides

A

Maltose, lactose, sucrose

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20
Q

Long chains of monosaccharides bonded together, also known as complex carbohydrates

A

Polysaccharides

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21
Q

What is the difference between simple sugars and complex carbohydrates?

A

Simple sugars are monosaccharides while complex carbohydrates are polysaccharides

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22
Q

What is the function of polysaccharides?

A

Used for energy storage

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23
Q

How do plants store energy?

A

As starch

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24
Q

How do animals store energy?

A

As glycogen

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25
Which polysaccharide, indigestible by humans, do plants use in their cell walls?
Cellulose
26
Give three examples of polysaccharides
Cellulose, glycogen, starch
27
What chemical elements comprise lipids?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
28
What property is common among all lipids?
Insoluble in water
29
What are the functions of lipids?
Used for building cell membranes, for long-term energy storage, insulating the body, cushioning organs, making hormones, and absorbing nutrients
30
Which macromolecules stores the most energy and by what factor?
Lipids (2.25x)
31
What constitutes triglycerides?
3 fatty acids connected to a glycerol backbone
32
What are the three types of triglycerides?
Saturated fats, unsaturated fats, and polyunsaturated fats
33
What type of lipid has saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat varieties?
Triglycerides
34
What are the properties of saturated fats, and give two examples
Have only single bond between carbons, solid at room temperature, unhealthy. Butter, fat in steak
35
What is a property of unsaturated fats?
Contains a double bond in the carbon chain
36
Which type of triglyceride is the healthiest, and how is this determined?
Polyunsaturated fats. The more double bonds present in the carbon chain, the healthier it is
37
What lipid is the main component of the cell membrane?
Phospholipids
38
What differentiates a phospholipid from a triglyceride?
Phospholipids contain a phosphate instead of one of the fatty acids
39
What are the four types of lipids?
Triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids
40
What are waxes?
Waterproof coatings made of fat secreted by plants and some animal fur or feathers
41
What are steroids and give four examples
Ringed fats that are used as chemical messengers in the body. Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, cholesterol
42
What elements comprise protein?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
43
Give five examples of substances in which protein is found
Meats, dairy, legumes, soy, whey
44
What are proteins?
Polymers made of amino acid monomer units
45
What are the functions of proteins?
To build and repair muscles and cell membranes, speed up chemical reactions, used in fighting infections
46
How many different amino acids are there?
20
47
How many amino acids are made naturally by our body using other chemicals that we ingest?
12
48
What are essential amino acids and how many are there?
Amino acids that the body cannot naturally produce and that must come from our diet. 8
49
What directs the cells how to reassemble amino acids into different proteins that our body uses for its processes?
DNA
50
What are enzymes?
Catalysts that speed up chemical reactions, but are not used in the reaction
51
At which temperature do enzymes work best?
37°C
52
What is meant by the term “denature” and what can cause an enzyme to denature?
To lose their shape and stop working properly. If it gets too hot or too acidic
53
What suffix is given to most enzymes?
-ase
54
What is the function of nucleic acids?
To direct the growth and development of an organism.
55
Which macromolecule is not ingested through diet but produced by other molecules?
Nucleic acid
56
What two molecules constitute nucleic acid?
DNA and RNA
57
Which type of carbohydrate is a monomer and give three examples of it
Monosaccharide. Glucose, galactose, fructose
58
What do enzymes break carbohydrates into?
Monosaccharides
59
What do enzymes break lipids into?
Glycerol and fatty acids
60
What do enzymes break proteins into?
Amino acids
61
What do enzymes break nucleic acids into?
Nucleotides

11U Bio (13 decks)

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