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neuro > systems level CNS architecture > Flashcards

systems level CNS architecture Flashcards

1
Q

vertebrate brain evolution

A
  • Size and proportions of various parts of our brain is very different to ancestors
  • Preservation of brain architecture (function) tells us that the major survival issues for us as a species are not that different to our ancestor species
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2
Q

where is the peripheral nervous system located

A

outside the skull and spine

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3
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system divided into?

A

somatic nervous system (external environment)

autonomic nervous system (regulates the body’s internal environment)

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4
Q

describe the dorsal root of the spinal cord

A

afferent
affected by world
sensory

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5
Q

describe the ventral root of the spinal cord

A

efferent
having an effect on the world
motor

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6
Q

what can the forebrain be divided into

A

telencephalon

diencephalon

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7
Q

what is another name for the midbrain

A

mesencephalon

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8
Q

what can the hindbrain be divided into

A

metencephalon

myelencephalon

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9
Q

describe the medulla (myelencephalon) and its functions

A
  • contains tracts that carry signals between the rest of the brain and the body
  • Low level sensorimotor control – e.g. balance
  • Involved in: sleep, movement, maintenance of muscle tone, cardiac, circulatory and excretory reflexes
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10
Q

describe the pons and it’s functions

A
  • Relay from cortex and midbrain to the cerebellum
  • Contains millions of neural fibres
  • Pontine reticular formation (pattern generators e.g. walking)
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11
Q

describe the cerebellum and its functions

A
  • Smaller than brain but contains as many neurons as rest of the CNS
  • Motor error between intended movement and actual movement – adjusts synaptic weights to eliminate error
  • Online correction can take place during the movement: motor learning
  • Thought exclusive for motor coordination – recently implicated cognitive and affective/emotional function
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12
Q

what is the role of the tectum

A

visual/spatial and auditory functions

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13
Q

what can the tectum be divided into

A

superior colliculus - sensitive to sensory change, orienting/defensive movements

inferior Colliculus - similar but for auditory events

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14
Q

name the structures within the Tegmentum

A

Periaqueductal grey
red nucleus
substantia nigra

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15
Q

what does the Periaqueductal grey do?

A
  • Role In defensive behaviour
  • Role in pain (ascending and descending signals)
  • Role in reproduction
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16
Q

what does the red nucleus do?

A
  • Target of cortex and cerebellum, projects to spinal cord

* Role in pre-cortical motor control (especially in arms and legs)

17
Q

what does the substantia nigra do?

A
  • Substantia nigra pars compacta (dopamine cells) – basal ganglia output… Parkinson’s disease
  • Substantia nigra pars reticulata – basal ganglia output
18
Q

what makes up the diencephalon

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

19
Q

describe the thalamus and its functions

A
  • Specific nuclei: relay signals to cortex/limbic system for all sensations (but smell)
  • Non-specific nuclei: role in regulating state of sleep and wakefulness and levels of arousal
  • Important relays from basal ganglia and cerebellum back to cortex
20
Q

describe the hypothalamus and its role

A
  • Regulates the pituitary gland which regulates hormonal secretion: interface between brain and hormones
  • Role in hormonal control of motivated behaviour including hunger, thirst, temperature, pain, pleasure and sex
21
Q

name the subcortical telencephalon structures

A
  • Basal Ganglia

* Limbic system

22
Q

what are the basal ganglia?

A
  • Group of structures
  • Loop organisation
  • Thought to be involved in motor function since involved in movement disorders
23
Q

what makes up the limbic system

A

• Amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, cingulate gyrus, septum and mammillary body

24
Q

what is the limbic system involved in?

A
  • Involved in emotion, motivation and emotional association with memory
  • Limbic system influences the formation of memory by integrating emotional states with stored memories of physical sensations
25
Q

what is the role of the Amygdala

A

involved in associating sensory stimuli with emotional impact

26
Q

what is the role of the mammillary bodies

A

importance for the formation of recollective memory – amnesia

27
Q

what is the role of the hippocampus

A

involved in long term and special memory

28
Q

what is the septum involved with

A

defence and aggression

29
Q

what is the role of the cingulate gyrus

A

linking behavioural outcomes to motivation and autonomic control – atrophied in schizophrenia

30
Q

what is the role of the fornix

A

carries signals from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and septal nucleus

31
Q

role of the primary motor cortex

A

contains many of the cells giving origin to the descending motor pathways - it is involved in the initiation of voluntary movements.

32
Q

premotor and supplementary motor areas

A

higher level motor plans and initiation of voluntary movements.

33
Q

role of prefrontal cortex

A

generating sophisticated behavioural options that are mindful of consequences

34
Q

role of the primary somatosensory cortex

A

Maintains representations of the body’s and of the head’s position in space and permits complicated spatio-temporal predictions – e.g. catching something when you are moving

35
Q

roles of temporal lobe

A
  • Contains primary auditory cortex
  • Inferotemporal cortex recognises faces and objects
  • Plays important roles in integrating sensory information from various parts of the body
  • Interface between cortex and limbic system – association of affect/emotion with things
36
Q

describe the dorsal stream of occipital lobe

A

Vision for movement, where [is it in relation to us – note path towards motor areas]

37
Q

describe the ventral stream of occipital lobe

A

Vision for identification, what [does it mean to us – note path towards temporal/limbic areas]

38
Q

what are brain functions

A

emergent properties of signal processing in neural networks

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