Systems Unit Test Flashcards
(25 cards)
Our Body
a complex network of
different systems that
work together.
Disruption of the
balanced activities of
these systems can result
in health problems.
Connections Among Organ Systems
Organ systems that coordinate communication include the
nervous system and the endocrine system.
The digestive system
breaks down food.
The circulatory system
transports substances
throughout the body.
The respiratory system
exchanges oxygen and
carbon dioxide.
The skeletal system
includes bones,
ligaments, and cartilage, which protect organs and support tissues.
The muscular system
includes muscle tissues
necessary for movement.
The urinary system
excretes dissolved
waste and keeps pH
and blood pressure in
balance.
The integumentary
system
includes skin,
hair, and nails, which
are physical barriers for
protection.
The immune and
lymphatic systems
protect the body from
infection.
The reproductive system
makes and transports sperm and eggs and enables females to give birth.
homeostasis
body maintains a stable
internal state,
Disruption of homeostasis
There are many factors that influence the body’s ability to maintain
homeostatic balance:
- Genetics
- Lifestyle (nutrition, physical activity, mental health, environmental
exposure)
Nutrients
are the chemicals in food that cells require.
The six types of nutrients we need are carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and water.
Macronutrients
are required in large amounts every day.
(carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and water)
Micronutrients
are required in
much smaller amounts every day.
(vitamins and minerals)
Carbohydrates
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
Main Functions
- Provide materials to build cell membranes.
- Provide quick energy for use by cells.
Two types:
- Simple carbohydrates
- Complex carbohydrates
Examples
- Simple carbohydrates (found in sugars in fruit, honey,
milk)
Two types – monosaccharide and disaccharides
- Monosaccharides – one sugar molecule (e.g. glucose)
- Disaccharides – two sugars (e.g. table sugar – sucrose;
cereals – maltose; lactose – milk)
Complex carbohydrates – also known as
polysaccharides (found in wholegrain bread, cereals,
rice, potatoes)
Main examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
Digestion breaks down starches into simple sugars and stores
them for later use. Excess blood sugar is converted into
glycogen, which is stored in the liver, and is broken down into
glucose for quick energy.
Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate also known as fibre.
Lipids
Molecules that are insoluble in water.
Main Function
- Store energy
- Cushion and insulate internal organs
- Provide materials to build cell membranes
Three types of lipids:
- Fats
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
Fats are made up of fatty acids and glycerol. The organization of the fatty acids is what makes
something a saturated or an unsaturated fat:
Saturated fat: single bonds
between carbon atoms
creates a linear shape
which allows them to pack
together tightly.
- Solids at room temperature.
Examples include
animal/red meat fats.
- Consumption should be low
– linked to heart disease.
Unsaturated fat: double bond
between carbon atoms
creates a kinked shape which
prevents the molecules from
packing tightly together.
- Liquids at room temperature
Examples include vegetables,
fish, and sunflower oils.
- Small amounts are vital for a
healthy diet.
Trans fat: created by adding a
hydrogen molecule to
unsaturated fats.
- Solid at room temperature.
- Common in deep fried food,
baked goods.
- Even small amounts are
linked to heart disease.
Proteins
Larger and more complex than carbohydrates and lipids.
- Made up of C, H, O, N, S
Main Functions/Examples
- Contribute to almost every body function. They can act as enzymes; provide structure and support muscle, tendons, ligaments, blood cells, bones and teeth; act as antibodies in the immune system; regulate hormones, transport ions in cell membranes
- Building blocks of proteins are amino acids which are
joined by peptide bonds to create polypeptide chains.
- Humans can make 12 of the 20 amino acids – which are
non-essential amino acids; the other 8 are essential amino acids
which must be present in the diet)
Breaking Down Macromolecules
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which water breaks
macromolecules into smaller molecules.
- Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids all need to be broken down by
hydrolysis before the body can use them.
Enzymes are proteins that speed up reactions such as hydrolysis.
Products of Hydrolysis
Water and enzymes split large food molecules into smaller molecules that can pass through cell membranes for use in metabolic processes.
Minerals
Minerals are inorganic substances (do not contain carbon) that enable chemical reactions and aid in tissue development, growth, and immunity. We need a variety of minerals in our diet daily to function well; minerals are lost
through sweat and wastes.
Vitamins
Vitamins are organic nutrients (contain carbon) used in
chemical reactions and to regulate body processes.
They are the “tools” that allow our bodies to assemble
carbohydrate, protein, and fat “building blocks.”
Water soluble vitamins (C, B family) cannot be stored in the
body, and should be consumed every day.
Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) can be stored in small
amounts in the body’s fatty tissues.
Water
Water is the most important nutrient.
It must be consumed in large quantities on a
regular basis because every cell needs water to
complete its processes.
Water helps to:
- transport dissolved nutrients into the intestinal cells
- flush toxins from cells
- lubricate tissues and joints
- form essential body fluids
- regulate body temperature (sweat)
- eliminate waste materials (urine and sweat)
