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BIOL2022- Immunology, Infection & Inflammation > T cells lecture 1 > Flashcards

T cells lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptive immunity is

A

Gradual response - over a few days
Targets specific pathogens
Highly diverse antigen receptors
Immunological Memory

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2
Q

Where do T cells arise?

A

Bone Marrow

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3
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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4
Q

Function of T cells

A

Kill infected cells
Help B cells
Kill tumour cell

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5
Q

What do T cells not produce?

A

Antibody

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6
Q

Surface receptors are called?

A

TCR
T cell receptors

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7
Q

How are infected cells recognised?

A

MHC molecules
On antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

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8
Q

What kills infected cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

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9
Q

How can T cells identify infected cells?

A

Small pathogenic proteins expressed on surface of infected cells

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10
Q

Lymphocytes

A

B cells
T cells

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11
Q

Specific T cells found in blood periphery

A

CD4+
CD8

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12
Q

Other subset of T cell

A

T regulators

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13
Q

T cells are initially

A

Naive T cell type

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14
Q

T helper Cell

A

CD4+

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15
Q

CD4+ function

A

against intracellular bacteria + parasite
Help CD8+
Promote humoral immune defense

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16
Q

CD4 secreted molecules

A

IFN-Y
IL-2-4-5-10-13

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17
Q

CD8+ is?

A

Cytotoxic T cell

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18
Q

CD8+ secreted molecules

A

Perforin
Granzymes
IFNy

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19
Q

Function of CD8+

A

Activated - cytotoxic
Kill virus-infected cells
Kill tumour cells

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20
Q

How do T cells recognize an infected cell?

A

TCR

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21
Q

Structure of TCR

A

Heterodimer - a,b chains
Each chain has 2 domains -
- one variable
- one constant domain

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22
Q

What molecules does the TCR associate with

A

CD3

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23
Q

Function of CD3?

A

Allows signal to be fed into the cell

24
Q

CDR

A

Complementarity Determining Regions

25
How many CDRs in TCR
3
26
Where are CDRs found?
Variable region of TCR
27
How does TCR interact with APCs?
MHC molecule recognised and binds to peptides from bacteria and virus.
28
Why is T cell receptor diverse?
Allows T cells to recognise many specific pathogens
29
How do T cells generate diversity to recognise many pathogens?
VDJ recombination
30
TCR locus
Many genes Rearrange to make many receptors
31
VDJ recombination at the a locus
Join V segment to J segment
32
Loci
a-chain locus b-chain locus
33
v
variable region
34
J
Joining region
35
D
Diversity segment
36
C
constant segment
37
CDR loops are more diverse in?
B chain
38
B locus: Where does recombination takes place?
Recombination Signal Sequences RSS
39
B locus: enzyme
VDJ recombinase enzyme
40
B locus: most important enzyme
RAG1 RAG2 Expressed in lymphocytes of T + B cell
41
RAG1 + RAG2
Enzymes cut open DNA for recombination to occur
42
What segmentd join at the most variable region?
D J
43
Why segments join at D and J genes?
Junction diversity Extra nucleotides are added when DNA segments join
44
Segment corrosponds to which loop of the TCR?
CDR3
45
Combination Diversity
From different combination of gene segments
46
Junction diversity
Addition of nucleotides when recombination occurs
47
Steps of VDJ recombination occuring at signal sequences
RAG complex cleaves signal sequences DNA hairpins forms RAG complex with Artemis = hairpin single stranded New nucleotides are added Ends paired and repaired - coding joint
48
How TCR detect pathogens?
MHC molecules
49
MHC
Major Histocompatibility Complex
50
Antigen Presentation
MHC bind proteins from virus/bacteria (antigenic peptides) Present them to T cells -can bind to self peptides from the cell
51
MHC-1
3 extra cellular domain a2 a1 a3 b2 Peptide binding = a2 a1 B2 microglobulin
52
MHC II
Peptide binding a1 and b1 a1 b1 a2 b2
53
MHC 1
Nucleated cell Present endogenous antigens Display self proteins, virus proteins, intracellular pathogen Present to cytotoxic (CD8)
54
MHC II
Antigen presenting cells (APCs) Present exogenous antigens (extracellular, external) Phagocytosis, receptor mediate endocytosis Present to CD4 Helper T cells
55
Where do peptides bind?
MHC cleft 1 - 8-10 aa II - 13-25 aa
56
MHC genes are...
Highly polymorphic

BIOL2022- Immunology, Infection & Inflammation (14 decks)

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