T13

Question 1

gametophyte

Answer 1

plant produces gametes, one set of chromosomes - haploid

Question 2

sporophyte

Answer 2

plant producing spores, two sets of chromosomes, diploid

spore producing plants

Question 3

phases of plat life cycle

Answer 3

during the life cycle, plants can alternate between the haploid and diploid phases

Question 4

Diplont

Answer 4

brown algae
the sporophyte generation is the multicellular generation
- sporophyte undergoes meiosis to produce gametes, these fertilise to form zygote to form the sporophyte again

Question 5

haplont

Answer 5

green algae - char
gametophyte is the multicellular generation

gametophyte forms gametes by mitosis, fertilisation to form a zygote and then the zygote straight away goes to meiosis to form haploid spores to reform the gametophyte phase

Question 6

halo-diplont

Answer 6

in green algae: ulva

haploid spores germinate and form a gameophyte multicellular generation which reproduces sexually
- the gametes are then formed by mitosis and come together to fertilise to form a zygote - new diploid multicellular - asexual species and undergoes meiosis to form spores

Question 7

producing spores and gametes

Answer 7

gametes in algae formed by mitosis as formed from the gametophyte plants which are already haploid

spores are formed by meiosis as form the sporophytes which are diploid so need to halve the sets of chromosomes to form the gametophyte generation

Question 8

first land plants cycle in comparison to algae cycles (bryophytes) part 1

Answer 8

had different environments, algae in water, plants not completely submerged in water
- both began with spores - plant spores had waterproof cover around them so they wont dry out

• both of them form the gametophyte - algae is in water to upright as can be support, and plants are flat to draw up as much water as possible
• mitosis occurs to produce gametes - land plants have eggs that are retained by the mother and sperm swims around in groundwater to find eggs and fertilise - can only work when plants are closer together

Question 9

first land plants cycle in comparison to algae cycles (bryophytes) part 2

Answer 9

because of the hard work for fertilisation on land, zygotes are produced rarely unlike the algae in the water
- zygote is retained by the plant on land, algae zygote floats around

the sporophyte generation is entirely dependent on the mother plant, growing from - ensuring that zygote will definitely grow

this sporophyte generation is short-lived to produce a spore body , sporangium which meiosis occurs to produce spore

Question 10

spores

Answer 10

spores are produced by sporangium via meiosis

Question 11

1st land plant cycle

Answer 11

the sporophyte generation grows from the gametophyte generation as it is more likely to be successful
- this increases reproductive success as spores will form
- this is due to the environment at the time, little area for plants to grow

Question 12

bryophyte

Answer 12

the first land plant
- mosses
- liverworts
- hornworts

Question 13

vascular plant - rhynia

Answer 13

no leaves
no specialised roots

Question 14

vascular plant life cycle compared to bryophyte

Answer 14

in both, the spore lands and germinates and grows in gametophyte

in both gametes are formed by mitosis and the egg is retained and the sperm swims to cause fertilisation to form a zygote and the zygote grows dependent on the gametophyte

in vascular plants the sporophyte is long-lived and keeps on growing unlike the bryophyte
- growing up and down to draw up own water

in vascular plants, the sporophyte out lives the gametophyte and grows in its place to form a free living sporophyte

spore bodies form, meiosis. in vascular plants there is lots of spore bodies whilst in bryophytes there are only one

Question 15

spore bodies between bryophytes and vascular

Answer 15

the number of spore bodies per zyzgote increases
- bryophyte has only one spore body per zygote

• in vascular plants there is lots of spore bodies

this increases the rate of reproduction and chances of being successful

Question 16

ferns and vascular plants

Answer 16

ferns are very similar to the vascular plants

Question 17

vascular plants and heterospory

Answer 17

this difference then occurs with the sex of the spores
homosporous - single type of spores, both gender

heterosporous - spores are gendered and produces 2 types

Question 18

heterosporous vascular plants part 1

Answer 18

sex/gender of spores is determined at the moment the spores are generated

this means that the gametophytes have got different sexes

when mitosis occurs in gametophytes to produce the gametes, only one type of gamete will be produced depending if male or female

Question 19

heterosporous vascular plants part 2

Answer 19

wzygotes are only produced on the females and the sporophytes grow on the females whilst on homosporous, zygotes can grow on all gametophytes as not gender

Question 20

why is heterospory important

Answer 20

now we can sexual dimorphism
- In this plant, female flowers present a higher-quality reward for pollinators, whereas male flowers have a more conspicuous appearance. Plants benefit by inducing pollinators to carry pollen from male to female flowers, and their sexual dimorphism might thus facilitate pollen movement through pollinator behaviour.

Question 21

seed plants heterosporous

Answer 21

every single seed plants are heterosporous

Question 22

fern (homosporous) vs conifer (seed plants)

Answer 22

both start with sporophyte generation and then meiosis occurs to produce spores
- fern- spores produced, conifer the spores are produced in cones but do not see them
- fern disperse spores however confier does not

• in the fern the gametophytes grow away from the sporophyte

in conifer the gametophyte grows to prouce the pollen (male) and ovules(females) are formed

Question 23

conifer life cycle continued

Answer 23

the immature male gametophytes 9pollem) is dispersed to the ovules on females on the cones

pollen tube formation occurs between the pollen and ovules and sperm fertilises eggs

zygote is produced/ sporophyte inside the gametophyte and mother plant (seed)

then the seed is dispersed as the new sporophyte is young unlike in fern the sporophyte is not dispersed

Question 24

why is it important for the seed to dispere in seed plants

Answer 24

to disperse from the mother to allow for the plant to expand and grow in different areas as the spores weren’t dispersed earlier

the seed then germinates to grow into a sporophyte

Question 25

seed

Answer 25

a young sporophyte inside a gametophyte inside the mother plant- sporophyte

Question 26

gymnosperms vs angiosperms

Answer 26

gymno = flowerless seed plant
angio - flowering seed plant

Question 27

insect pollination

Answer 27

bees get their protein from pollen so is benefical for them and started delievering to other plants which caused them to become fertilised - starting insect pollination

Question 28

appearance of plants and insect pollination

Answer 28

appearance is very important to attract the insects for pollination to make sure pollinating the correct area

the better the appearance = more likely to be pollinated and more likely pollen will be spread

this increases the number of offspring produced and increases fitness of plant

Question 29

ovule envolved

Answer 29

the female organs
in angio
the gametophyte becomes enclosed twice for protection and the gametophyte gets smaller - to 7 cells
no archegonia

in gymno
enclosed once
many cells
has archegonia

Question 30

pollen

Answer 30

the pollen sticks out as it wants to be pollinated

Question 31

colour evolves

Answer 31

to attract insects, petals form to catch the attention for the insects

Question 32

5 defining features of angiosperms

Answer 32

enclosed ovules
7 cell gametohpyte
flowers with petals
endosperm
companion cells from phoelm

Question 33

basic structure of flower/plant

Answer 33

carpels at top - contain ovules
stamens - contain pollen
petals - to advertise
sepals - to protect flower in bud

Question 34

endosperm

Answer 34

specialised food tissue only in angiosperm seeds to feed the seed after germination