T14

Question 1

wind and insect pollinatin

Answer 1

wind pollination - effective only with quite dense populations

insect pollination - more appropriate for less abundant and is more precise so predominantly used

this causes plants to evolve using petals and scents to encourage insects to carry pollen in exchange for nectar

Question 2

angiosperms

Answer 2

edicts - 2 seed leaves, majority of flowering plants - merged from archaedicots, 3 holes in pollen

archaedicots - earliest angiosperm, 2 leaves seed , one hole in pollen

monocots - 1 seed leaf, emerged from archaedicots, one hole in pollen

Question 3

monocot pollen

Answer 3

always one hole/ apertures where water can enter and pollen grain can germinate from

Question 4

dicot pollen

Answer 4

one or three-hole, apertures

dicots with one aperture - more primitive - archaedicots

3 hole in pollen = eudicots

Question 5

monocots defining characters

Answer 5

-single seed leaf
-no primary root
-petals are multiple of 3
-the stem is a vascular bundle in complex arrangement with flexible stem
- no secondary stem
- veins on leaf are parallel and sharp

Question 6

monocot examples

Answer 6

orchids
grass
iris
bluebells

anything with bulbs

Question 7

eudicots examples

Answer 7

any tree other than conifer
buttercup
roses

Question 8

archaedicots examples

Answer 8

water lilies
mangolia

Question 9

first angiosperm

Answer 9

amborella

Question 10

second angiosperm

Answer 10

waterlilies, first-time seed plants become aquatic and first time herbaceous

Question 11

dicot defining features

Answer 11

-dicots have a primary root
- petals in multiples of 4 or 5
- dicots has a strick vascular ring and rigid stem
- 2 seed leafs
has a secondary stem - allow for woody growth - allow trees to form
-

Question 12

methods for plants to get nutrition - parasitism

Answer 12

parasitism
- permits extravagance in the plant as has lots of energy and food

however, parasite seeds must find a suitable host or they will die

Question 13

different parasists

Answer 13

autotrophic - non parasites - makes own food, photosynthesis

semi-parasitic - makes own food/chlorophyll and steals

heterotrophic, fully parasitic - no chlorophyll, solely relies on parasitism

Question 14

example using Striga - semi-parasitic that attacks African maize crops

Answer 14

1. striga seeds sense the maize root in the soil
2. Striga germinates and seeks rot
3. attaches to start parasitism
4. aerial parts developed

Question 15

methods for plants to get nutrition - insectivious plants

Answer 15

insect eaters
- not used to get energy as they still photosynthesis
- the insects provide nutrition that is lacking in the soil

Question 16

example - orchaid seeds

Answer 16

need parasitic fungi to invade the seed for germination
- the seed digests fungi and uses it as food for growth

• have very small seeds
  have pollinia - entire pollen bodies that detach onto the bodies on insects for pollination

Question 17

pollination by deception

Answer 17

aristolchia - archaedicot
- for pollination to occur, release smell of rotting meat to attract flies into trap
- the hair-like structures prevent fly from leaving so are stuck in plant until pollen is mature and disperses which sticks onto the fly
- the hair-like structures open so the fly can leave and will carry the pollen to another plant with trap to pollinate it

Question 18

orchid pollination

Answer 18

• have very small seeds
  have pollinia - entire pollen bodies that detach onto the bodies on insects for pollination