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Embryology > T15- Development of the back > Flashcards

T15- Development of the back Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What is somitogenesis

A

formation of the somites

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2
Q

When does somitogenesis occur

A

between days 20 and 30

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3
Q

Somitogenesis

What does somitogenesis begin with

A

regression of the primative streak which leaves behind the notochord

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4
Q

Somitogenesis

What happens as the primative streak leaves behind the notochord

A

formation of somitomere pairs occur on either side of the notochord in the cranial reigon

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5
Q

Somitogenesis

After the _____ pair of somitomeres are formed in the _______ reigon, no more somitomeres are formed; instead the ________________ will differentiate into ___________

A

7th; cranial; paraxial mesoderm; somites

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6
Q

Somitogenesis

Where does the first pair of somites appear?

A

in the occipital reigon

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7
Q

Somitogenesis

When does the first pair of somites appear

A

around day 20

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8
Q

Somitogenesis

At what rate do somites form?

A

a rate of about 3 somite pairs/day

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9
Q

Somitogenesis

In total, how many somite pairs will develop?

A

42-44 pairs of somites

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10
Q

Somitogenesis

How many pairs of somites in each reigon

A 
Occipital reigon: 5
Cervical reigon: 8
Thoracic reigon: 12
Lumbar reigon: 5
Sacral region: 5
Cocxygeal reigon: 8-10
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11
Q

Epithelization of somite

What happens when the somite undergoes epithelization

A

it forms around a somitocoel

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12
Q

Epithelization of somite

What happens in the ventral reigon of somite

A

epithelial cells transform back into mesenchyme and are pushed centrally; forms the sclerotome

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13
Q

Epithelization of somite

What do sclerotome cells surround

A

the neural tube and the notochord

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14
Q

Epithelization of somite

What is the sclerotome divided into

A

Dorsal, ventral, lateral and central sclerotome

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15
Q

Epithelization of somite

Where does dorsal sclerotome end up

A

between the neural tube and surface ectoderm

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16
Q

Epithelization of somite

Where does ventral sclerotome end up

A

circling around the notochord

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17
Q

Epithelization of somite

Where does lateral sclerotome end up

A

migrating laterally and ventrally

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18
Q

Epithelization of somite

Where does central sclerotome end up

A

it stays in close connection with the dermatome

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19
Q

Epithelization of somite

What happens to the dorsal reigon of the somite

A

it becomes the dermomyotome

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20
Q

Epithelization of somite

How is the myotome formed?

Study These Flashcards
A

cells from the VLL and DML transform back into mesenchyme and migrate beneath the dermatome

21
Q

Epithelization of somite

Where is the VLL and DML originally located

Study These Flashcards
A

on either side of the dermatome

22
Q

Epithelization of somite

Where is the dermatome originally located?

Study These Flashcards
A

between the VLL and the DML

23
Q

Somite polarization: sclerotome polarization

Which protiens induce the ventral part of the somite to form into sclerotome

Study These Flashcards
A

SHH from the floor of the neural tube and NOGGIN from the notochord

24
Q

Somite polarization: sclerotome polarization

Which protien does the sclerotome express

25
Somite polarization: sclerotome polarization What does PAX-1 control
vertebrae formation and chondrogenesis
26
Somite polarization: Polarization of Myotome (DML) Which protiens is the DML influenced by
WNT protiens
27
Somite polarization: Polarization of Myotome (DML) Where do the WNT protiens come from
the dorsal aspect of the neural tube
28
Somite polarization: Polarization of Myotome (DML) What does WNT instruct the cells of the DML to do
To differentiate into muscle precursor cells and to express the muscle gene MYF5
29
Somite polarization: Polarization of Myotome (DML) What do the cells of the DML become
muscles of the ventrolateral wall and the flexors of limbs
30
Somite polarization: Polarization of Myotome (VLL) Which protiens are the cells of the VLL influenced by
WNT protiens which come from the overlying ectoderm and BMP4 from lateral plate mesoderm
31
Somite polarization: Polarization of Myotome (VLL) BMP4 has what type of influence on cells of VLL
inhibiting influence
32
Somite polarization: Polarization of Myotome (VLL) What do the cells of the VLL become due to protien influence
muscle precursor cells
33
Somite polarization: Polarization of Myotome (VLL) What protien do the muscle precursor cells express
MYOD
34
Somite polarization: Polarization of Myotome (VLL) What do muscle precursor cells go on to become
intrinsic back muscles and extensors of the limb
35
Somite polarization: Polarization of Dermatome Which protien influences the dermatome cells
NT-3 from the dorsal neuraltube
36
Somite polarization: Polarization of Dermatome What protien does the dermatome cells express as a result of protien influence
PAX3
37
Formation of vertebrae: Resegmentation of sclerotome How does the sclerotome resegment?
The sclerotome forms clusters so that individual bones can be formed, and each sclerotome cluster divides into a cranial portion and a caudal portion
38
Formation of vertebrae: Resegmentation of sclerotome What does the cranial and caudal portions of each sclerotome consist of
cranial portion: loosely packed cells | caudal portion: densely packed cells
39
Formation of vertebrae: Resegmentation of sclerotome The vertebral body is formed from what parts of the sclerotome
The caudal half of the cranial sclerotome and the cranial half of the caudal sclerotome
40
Chondrification of vertebrae What does the costal process become
The transverse process
41
Chondrification of vertebrae What does the centrum become
The vertebral body
42
Chondrification of vertebrae What is the chondrification center
the site where mesenchyme turns into cartilage
43
Chondrification of vertebrae: When does formation of the chondrification center occur
about 6 weeks into development
44
Ossification of vertebrae When do primary ossification centers appear
at about 7 weeks
45
Ossification of vertebrae When can ossification centers in the neural arch be seen
in the 8th week
46
Ossification of vertebrae When does full ossification of the cartilagenous process complete
at about age 25
47
Normally, _________ chondrification centers fuse at the end of the _________ to form the ____________
two; embryonic period; cartilagenous centrum
48
__________ failure of ________ chondrification center results in________
unilateral; one; hemivertebra

Embryology (14 decks)

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