T1.5: Tectonic Hazard Profiles And Contrasts

Question 1

What is the PAR model?

Answer 1

• Pressure and Release Model: studies different factors creating pressure leading to issues as a hazard occurs.
  1. Root causes: fundamental societal issues and systems (top-down)
  2. Dynamic pressures: organisations and macro factors (middle)
  3. Unsafe living conditions: poor infrastructure (bottom level)

Question 2

What other factors influence the PAR model

Answer 2

• Geographical modification: different geographical factors like distribution, MHZ, magnitude, spatial and other features of hazards
• Natural tectonic processes: natural hazards leading to risk

Question 3

What is Risk in the Hazard-risk equation

Answer 3

Risk: the probability of harm or loss of infrastructure, life and QOL taking place.
- includes death, injuries, trauma, upset, loss of livelihoods, economic loss, property
- level of risk can be forecasted by community thresholdsand when this is passed risk is higher

Question 4

What is community threshold?

Answer 4

• the critical level or point where if this is passed, a community’s **capacity to cope* is breached and lots of damage occurs.
• Increases risk

Question 5

What is hazard in the Hazard risk equation

Answer 5

Hazard: refers to the event that occurs but in an area where damage can occur leading to a potential hazard and danger to human life.
- Impacted by event, magnitude, speed of onset, spatial extent, frequency, duration

Question 6

What is vulnerability in the hazard risk equation?

Answer 6

Vulnerability: refers to human geography characteristics and the potential issues increasing risk of a disaster occurring (weaknesses)
- impacted by economic instability, social tensions, poor QOL, over-reliance on foreign aid, high population density, weak population.

Question 7

What is Capacity to Cope (Hazard risk equation)?

Answer 7

Capacity to cope: refers to a community’s ability to manage and respond to a hazard as it occurs and from preparation and modifying the hazard.
- Impacted by governance, emergency services, economic stability, social preparation, technology availability and other factors.

Question 8

What are hazard profiles?

Answer 8

Hazard profiles: refers to various different visual indicators comparing different characteristics of certain tectonic events. Helps compare severity of different events.

Question 9

Different characteristics included on hazard profiles?

Answer 9

F - Frequency
C - Costs
D - Deaths
T - Time
R - Recovery
A - Area
M - Magnitude
P - Prediction (special)
S - Speed

Question 10

How can hazards be contrasted numerically?

Answer 10

• Spearman’s rank
• Rank data, total it and use EQ.

Question 11

What is Park’s model?

Answer 11

Parks model: disaster response curve. A model created which aims to show the effects of a hazard on QOL and how this changes and can be compared *over time**.

Question 12

What are the 5 stages of Park’s model?

Answer 12

Stage one: *Prior** to the disaster at normal equilibrium level
Stage two: Event occurs and temporarily normal before deterioration
Stage three: Hours/ days the event when deterioration/ disruption occurs and search and rescue occurs.
Stage four: organised relief over a longer period of time and *recovery** occurs where deterioration reduces and improvement towards normality begins.
Stage five: long-term reconstruction over weeks to years where a return to normal occurs or potential improvement.