T17

Question 1

SHARED TRAITS IN CHORDATA - in the deutrostomia group, triploblastic

Answer 1

notochord - a cartilage char running down the body between the digestive tract and nerve cord

dorsal hollow nerve cord

post anal tail

pharyngeal slits or clefs - can develop into jaws

these 4 traits can be lost or repurposed throughout a lifetime in this group

Question 2

vertebrates shared traits

Answer 2

cranium and neural crests - a line formed to become the neural trube

HOX genes - development genes where features develop

multi-chambered heart - allows for directional flow of blood

Question 3

cephalochordates

Answer 3

technically invertebrates
- filter feeders - uses mucus in pharyngeal slits to capture prey
- gaseous exchange through body surface

Question 4

Urochordata

Answer 4

invertebrates
- as adults they lose the 4 features of chordates expect pharyngeal slits
- well developed closed circulatory system
- solitary or clonial
- marine filter feeders

Question 5

cyclostomes

Answer 5

chordates - vertebrates
- incude jawless fish
have small or reduced vertbreae

Question 6

GNATHOSTOMATA

Answer 6

sharks, reptiles, fishes
- jaw dervived from skeletal rod
- lots of HOX genes
- adaptive immune system
- enlarged fore brain
lateral line organs in aquatic - allow to sense movement

Question 7

Chondrichthyans

Answer 7

skeleton made out of cartilage
- tooth like scales called dernal denticles
- 5-7 gill pairs from respiration

Question 8

osteichthies

Answer 8

where lungs or lung derived animals begins
- bony fish, ossified endoskeletons
2 ways to classify:
ray finned
- clasistia, chondrostei, holostei and toelost
lobe fin

Question 9

actinistia

Answer 9

closely related to tetrapods and lobe fines

Question 10

dipnoi

Answer 10

fish that breath through lungs or gills
retain their notochord and cartilage brain case

Question 11

tetrapodes

Answer 11

4 legged animals

Question 12

amphibians - tetrapods

Answer 12

mainly external fertilisation
caecilians - legless
moist habitat as skin is used for GE

Question 13

amniota

Answer 13

amniotic egg is a hardshell egg with water in to stay moist
rib cage and neck for lungs

Question 14

mammals shared traits

Answer 14

mammary glands- produce milk
larger brains and skulls - synapsid skulls
an extended period of parental care
well developed circulatory system - 4 chambers
specialised teeth

20 extant orders for mammals

Question 15

cutaneous animal breathing

Answer 15

use skin for gaseous exchange
- use a system of capillaries beneath skin to move oxygen and carbon dioxide
cost very little energy due to no ventiliation

however
need skin to be moist and need a low sa:v

Question 16

tracheal system for animal breathing

Answer 16

most common terrestrial respiratory sytem
branching tubes
air brought close to cells for gaseous exchange
larger insects use ventilation/body movement

Question 17

gill breathing for animals

Answer 17

folding out of a body surface to increase surface area
gills have to be moved through water or water over the gills
counter current principle - via efficient

Question 18

diapsids

Answer 18

2 holes in cranium behind eyes
crocodiles, dino, birds

Question 19

synapsids

Answer 19

one hole seen in mammals

Question 20

anapsid

Answer 20

no hole
turtles