T2: GI System (CH. 20) Flashcards

1
Q

___ problems are the source of complaints and discomfort for older adults.

A

GI

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2
Q

___ can delay the diagnosis and treatment of specific pathogens.

A

Self-treatment

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3
Q

Atrophy of the __ affects __ __ and decreases taste sensation.

A

tongue

taste buds

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4
Q

____ production decreases, resulting in trouble swallowing.

A

saliva

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5
Q

___ results in weaker esophageal contractions and weakness of the sphincter.

A

Presbyesophagus

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6
Q

Esophageal and stomach ___ decreases.

A

motility

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7
Q

There is an increase risk for __ and indigestion.

A

aspiration

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8
Q

There is decreased __ of the stomach.

A

elasticity

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9
Q

Stomach has higher pH as a result of decline in ___ and ___.

A

hydrochloric acid and pepsin

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10
Q

A decline in hydrochloric acid causes an increase in the incidence of gastric __.

A

irritation

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11
Q

What interferes with absorption of calcium, iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12?

A

the decline in hydrochloric acid

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12
Q

What interferes with absorption of protein?

A

The decline in pepsin

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13
Q

Fewer cells on absorbing surface of ___ wall impact the absorption of dextrose, xylose, and vitamins B and D.

A

intestinal

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14
Q

Slower peristalsis, inactivity, reduced food/fluid intake, drugs, and low-fiber diet increased the risk for ___.

A

constipation

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15
Q

Sensory perception decreases which may lead to __ or ___.

A

constipation or incomplete emptying of the bowel

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16
Q

___ salt synthesis decreases

A

Bile

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17
Q

Bile salt synthesis decreases which leads to ____.

A

Increase in the risk of gallstone development

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18
Q

The ___ changes affect the digestion of fats.

A

pancreas

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19
Q

What means “Dry Mouth”?

A

Xerostomia

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20
Q

What does Xerostomia result from?

A

Decreased saliva, some medications, Sjogren’s syndrome, mouth breathing, and altered cognition

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21
Q

How can you treat xerostomia? (3)

A

Saliva substitutes, sipping water, sugarless candy and gum

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22
Q

Which intervention will promote saliva production for the older adult living with xerostomia?

A

sucking on hard sugarless candy

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23
Q

Poor dentition can restrict food intake and lead to what two things?

A
  • constipation

- malnutrition

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24
Q

What are 3 causes of Dysphagia?

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), stroke, and structural disorders

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25
Q

Incidence of swallowing difficulties __ with age.

A

increases

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26
Q

2 Goals of care and interventions for dysphagia?

A

Prevention of aspiration

Promotion of adequate nutritional status

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27
Q

Which medical problem may result in dysphagia?

A

GERD

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28
Q

Two types of hiatal hernia’s?

A

sliding (axial)

rolling (paraesophageal)

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29
Q

The ___ type is the most common type of hiatal hernia.

A

sliding

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30
Q

The __ type of hiatal hernia occurs when a part of the stomach and the junction of the stomach and esophagus slide through the diaphragm.

A

sliding

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31
Q

In the ___ type of hiatal hernia, the fundus and greater curvatures of the stomach roll up through the diaphragm.

A

rolling/paraesophageal

32
Q

Symptoms of a hiatal hernia?

A

Heartburn, dysphagia, belching, vomiting, and regurgitation

33
Q

There is some thought that the low-fiber diet of Americans contributes to the high prevalence of this condition.

A

hiatal hernia

34
Q

Diagnosis is confirmed by a barium swallow and esophagoscopy.

A

hiatal hernia

35
Q

Although the incidence has been decreasing, most persons affected by ____ are of advanced age.

A

cancer of the esophagus

36
Q

The most common types of esophageal cancer are ___ and ___.

A

squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.

37
Q

This disease commonly strikes between the ages of 50 and 70 years and is of higher incidence in men.

A

esophageal cancer

38
Q

African American men with a history of alcoholism and heavy smoking have a higher incidence of ____ esophageal carcinoma.

A

squamous cell

39
Q

Poor oral hygiene and chronic irritation from tobacco, alcohol, and other agents contribute to the development of this problem.

A

esophageal cancer

40
Q

__ __, a condition in which the normal lining of the esophagus is replaced by a type of lining usually found in the intestines (intestinal metaplasia).

A

Barrett’s esophagus

41
Q

Barrett esophagus is associated with an increased risk of developing this cancer

A

esophageal cancer

42
Q

Symptoms of esophageal cancer.

A

Dysphagia, weight loss, excessive salivation, thirst, hiccups, anemia, and chronic bleeding are symptoms of the disease

43
Q

Symptoms of this disease are not recognized until the disease is advanced, contributing to a poor prognosis.

A

esophageal cancer

44
Q

Causes of __ __:

Complication of COPD, meds that increase gastric secretion

A

peptic ulcers

45
Q

Most common cause of adult onset of asthma?

A

meds that increase gastric secretion

46
Q

Causes of this disease: Medications such as aspirin, or smoking, heavy alcohol, caffeine, stress, H-pylori infection, bleeding, obstruction, perforation, etc.

A

peptic ulcer disease

47
Q

What foods can cause peptic ulcer disease?

A

Foods: High acidic foods, OJ, tomato sauce, chocolate, coffee

48
Q

Signs of peptic ulcer disease?

A

Vomiting coffee ground emesis, pain, darker stools

49
Q
Cancer of the Stomach:
-High for what races? 
-More prevalent in \_\_, smokers, poor socioeconomic.
-Average age of diagnosis is \_\_\_ 
Age ranges between \_\_-\_\_
A
  • AA;s, Hispanic, and Asian Pacific Islanders
  • men
  • 69
  • 50-70
50
Q

___ account for most gastric malignancies.

A

Adenocarcinomas

51
Q

Diet for prevention of cancer in stomach:

A
  • low in red meat
  • high in antioxidants
  • high in chicken, turkey, (LEAN MEATS)
52
Q

____: An abnormal punch formed at a weak point in the wall (GI tract)

A

Diverticulum

53
Q

___: multiple punches of intestinal mucosa in the weakened muscular wall of large bowel

A

Diverticulosis

54
Q

___: occur when this pouch is falloff fecal material and is now INFECTED & inflamed

A

Diverticulitis

55
Q

Diverticular Disease most often occurs in the __ __.

A

sigmoid colon

56
Q

T/F: Overeating, straining during a bowel movement, alcohol, and irritating foods may contribute to diverticulitis in the patient with diverticulosis.

A

True

57
Q

Second most common malignancy in the United States.

A

Colorectal Cancer

58
Q

Common sites of colorectal cancer are __ and __.

A

sigmoid colon and rectum

59
Q

Interventions to promote bowel elimination:

A

Promote high fiber diet, fluid, regular activity, particular foods(prune juice, chocolate, pudding, raisins, prunes, dates, and currants)

60
Q

___ used as LAST resort- can further cause dehydration

A

Laxatives

61
Q

They may not recognize the sense to defecate (___ sensations) and it may be missed, so they will become backed up (___-cognitive related), failure to allow sufficient time for complete emptying of bowel.

A

dull

Alzheimers

62
Q

How to avoid flatulence:

A

Avoid flatus producing foods, sitting upright after meals (allows gas to rise to the funds of stomach and expel), increase activity, knee to chest position.

63
Q

Most often caused by cancer of colon, can also be from adhesions and hernias.

A

intestinal obstruction

64
Q

Two types of intestinal obstruction:

A

Partial or complete

65
Q

Partial or complete impairment of flow of intestinal contents in the __ intestines most often occurs due to cancer of the colon.

A

large

66
Q

Adhesions and hernias are the primary cause of obstructions in the ___ intestine.

A

small

67
Q

Maintain careful attention to bowel sounds by having patient ___ while listening. If it is absent, listen for 5 minutes.

A

lie

5

68
Q

Nursing evaluation and assessment of an older adult with a new-onset of bowel obstruction will demonstrate what type of bowel sounds?

A

high-pitched bowel sounds

69
Q

Prevention of ___ aids in avoiding fecal impaction.

A

constipation

70
Q

A bowel elimination __ is essential.

A

record

71
Q

Inability to voluntarily control the passage of stool

A

bowel incontinence

72
Q

First step for bowel incontinence: ___

A

assess for impaction

73
Q

Acute Appendicitis is ___ in older adults

A

Infrequent

74
Q

Difficult to detect (until advanced stage): Cancer of the __

A

Pancreas

75
Q

___ means gallstones.

A

Cholelithiasis

76
Q

Cholelithiasis affects what gender more?

A

women