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Adult Health I > T2: Pulmonary System (1) > Flashcards

T2: Pulmonary System (1) Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

The role of the respiratory system is to provide O2 to the _____.

A

tissues

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2
Q

Where does gas exchange take place?

A

the alveoli-capillary membrane

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3
Q

What are the 3 steps in the gas exchange process?

A

1) ventilation
2) respiration
3) transport of gases in the circulation

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4
Q

The process of moving air between atmosphere and lung alveoli and distributing air within the lungs to maintain appropriate concentrations of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli…

A

ventilation

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5
Q

The process by which alveolar air gases are moved across the alveolar-capillary membrane to the pulmonary capillary bed…

A

respiration

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6
Q

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissue cells…

A

transport of gases in the circulation

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7
Q

What are the 3 areas of ventilation?

A

Lung
Conducting airways
Gas exchange airways

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8
Q

Ventilation:

What is part of the lung?

A

Lobes

Mediastinum

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9
Q

Ventilation:

What is part of the conducting airways?

A

Upper airways
Trachea
Bronchial tree

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10
Q

Ventilation:

What is part of the gas exchange airways?

A

Bronchioles

Alveoli

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of alveoli?

A

Type I

Type II

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12
Q

What do Type I alveoli do?

A

gas exchange

They are squamous cells

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13
Q

What do Type II alveoli do?

A

secrete surfactant

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14
Q

Respiration:

What 5 things determine diffusion?

A

Remember: The gases are SHIPD to the tissues

1) Surface area
2) Hemoglobin
3) Integrity
4) Pressures
5) Diffusion co-efficient

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15
Q

Respiration:

“Surface area” refers to

A

SURFACE AREA available for gas exchange

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16
Q

Respiration:

“Integrity” refers to

A

INTEGRITY of alveolar-capillary membrane

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17
Q

Respiration:

“Hemoglobin” refers to

A

Amount of HEMOGLOBIN in the blood (anemia can interfere with this)

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18
Q

Respiration:

“Diffusion co-efficient” refers to

A

DIFFUSION CO-EFFICIENT of gas, amount of contact time

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19
Q

Respiration:

“Pressures” refers to

A

Driving PRESSURES

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20
Q

V stands for _____.

Q stands for _____.

Study These Flashcards
A 
V = ventilation
Q = perfusion
21
Q

1.0 ratio, _____ of each alveolus is accompanied by adequate _____.

Study These Flashcards
A

ventilation

perfusion

22
Q

Alveolar ventilation is ____ L/min.

Study These Flashcards
A

4 L/min

remember, A in alveolus and 4 look similar

23
Q

Pulmonary capillary perfusion is ____ L/min.

Study These Flashcards
A

5 L/min

remember, turn the P in pulmonary upside down - it looks similar to 5

24
Q

If there is 4 L ventilation and 5 L perfusion, how do I find the V/Q ratio? What does this mean?

Study These Flashcards
A

V / Q = ratio
4 / 5 = 0.8
(Means there is 0.8 more perfusion than ventilation)

25
What is normal V/Q ratio?
0.8
26
What does a V/Q ratio of LESS THAN 0.8 indicate?
- decrease in VENTILATION in relation to perfusion - similar to right to left shunt - more deoxygenated blood is returning to the LEFT heart
27
What does a V/Q ratio of MORE THAN 0.8 indicate?
- decrease in PERFUSION in relation to ventilation | - pulmonary emboli, cardiogenic shock
28
Gas Transport: | Gases are dissolved in the _____.
plasma
29
PaO2 means ____. SaO2 means ____. (the "a" = arterial)
``` PaO2 = percentage of O2 dissolved in the plasma SaO2 = O2 saturation...percentage bound to Hgb molecules ```
30
What is the normal percentage of O2 dissolved in plasma?
~ 3%
31
What is the normal percentage of O2 bound to Hgb?
97%
32
What 6 factors shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the LEFT?
(Remember: Left = LOW CO2) 1) increased pH 2) decreased PCO2 3) decreased temp 4) decreased 2,3-DPG 5) some congenital hemoglobinopathies 6) Carboxyhemoglobin
33
What can lead to a DECREASE in 2,3-DPG?
- hexokinase deficiency - HYPOthyroidism - bank blood
34
What are some congenital hemoglobinopathies that move the curve to the LEFT?
- Hgb Ranier - Hgb Hiroshima - Hgb San Francisco
35
What 5 factors shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the RIGHT?
1) decreased pH 2) increased PCO2 3) increased temp 4) increased 2,3-DPG 5) some congenital hemoglobinopathies
36
What can lead to an INCREASE in 2,3-DPG?
- pyruvate kinase deficiency - HYPERthyroidism - anemia - chronic hypoxemia
37
Does 2,3-DPG move with or opposite O2 levels?
Opposite: High O2 = Low 2,3-DPG Low O2 = High 2,3-DPG
38
What 2 things lead to chronic hypoxemia?
- high altitude | - congenital heart disease
39
What are some congenital hemoglobinopathies that move the curve to the RIGHT?
- Hgb Kansas | - Hgb Seattle
40
What is the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
Describes the ability of Hgb to bind to oxygen at normal arterial O2 tension levels and release it at lower PO2 levels
41
The upper flat portion of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve indicates what?
Arterial association which protects the body by enabling Hgb to load O2, despite large decreases in PaO2
42
The lower steep portion of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve indicates what?
Venous dissociation portion. Protects the body by allowing the tissues to withdraw large amounts of O2
43
When I "shift to the right"...
Hgb has LESS affinity for O2
44
Right shift = remember the Rs:
- Reduced pH - hypeRcapneia - feveR - incRease levels of 2,3-DPG
45
Shift to the right = acidosis or alkalosis
acidosis
46
When I "shift to the left"...
Hgb has MORE affinity for O2
47
Left shift = remember the Ls:
- alkaLosis - Low CO2 - coLd - Low levels of 2,3-DPG - increased Level of CO poisoning
48
An organic phosphate found primarily in RBCs:
2,3-Diphosphoglycerate
49
What is the stimulus for 2,3-DPG production?
tissue hypoxia

Adult Health I (10 decks)

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