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molec bio > t2w1 cell cycle & lamins > Flashcards

t2w1 cell cycle & lamins Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

3 reasons why cells divide

A

efficiency , repair d&old , grwth & dvpmt (survival & fertility , embryogenesis)

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2
Q

Name CD method is in bacteria vs eukaryotes

A

BFission ; Mitosis & Meiosis

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3
Q

What happens in BFission

A

DNA replicates & strands attch to membrane ; cell elongates - dna separates & cwall & cmembrane grow from centre of cell

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4
Q

What is meiosis

A

prod. of gametes

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5
Q

what is mitosis

A

CD in all cells but gametes

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6
Q

Whats cell cycle

A

sequence in cell that = duplication of DNA and CD = 2 dcells

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7
Q

2 main stages of cell cycle

A

interphase (g1+s+g2) - cell grows & replicates dna
Mitosis & cytokinesis (M phase) - nucleus & nuclear material divide; cytoplasm divides

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8
Q

duration of cell cycle

A

~18 hrs ; variable duration in g1 & g2 ; S &M constant and cell specific

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9
Q

Name 2 things where cell cycle errors can cause mutations or damage dna

A

duplication & distro in chrosomes

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10
Q

Can cell cycle checkpoints halt CC progression if cell unprepped & what 2 things does it result in

A

yes ; dna repair & apoptosis

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11
Q

Name the 3 main checkpoints in ccycle

A

G1/S - restriction point ; G2- M checkpoint & M spindle chpoint

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12
Q

Duplication & segregation of cellular components is tightly regulated (T/F)

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Growth, DNA rep & organelle duplication are indpnt process (T/F)

A

true

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14
Q

What protein kinase fam coords the ccycle

A

cyclin depdnt kinases (CdKs) - each phase defined by (in)activation of diff cyclins

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15
Q

each cdk cyclin combo works at diff cycle stage (T/F)

A

TRUE

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16
Q

What lab technique is used to observe cell cycle

A

w BLOT see cyclin presence chnges to determine diff stage progressions

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17
Q

What is a cyclin & its function assoc. w ____s

A

reg proteins (no tenzymes) associate w CDKs synthesis & degradation in a coordinated process

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18
Q

How many D cyclins in mammalian cells

A

3 CD1 CD2 CD3

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19
Q

In What phase of the ccycle is cyclin D (& CDk4) expressed high

A

G1

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20
Q

What cyclin is expressed high in G1/S phase

A

cyclin E (& cdk2)

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21
Q

What cyclin is high in G2 phase

A

CYC A (W CDk2)

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22
Q

IN what phase is Cyclin B high in

A

M phase

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23
Q

What process activates & deactivates CdKs

Study These Flashcards
A

ATP>ADP phosphorylation induces chnge in protein conformation

24
Q

What role do kinases have in CdK regulation

Study These Flashcards
A

phosphorylate proteins & activate or inactivate CdKs targets

25
What role do phsophatase play in CdK regulation
dephosphorylate to activate mITOTIC CdK
26
why type of feedback drives cell cycle regulation
positive feedback
27
What cyclin and cdKs are required at Interphase - g1
CdK 4 & 6 & cyclin D add pic
28
What checkpoint is at G1
restriction point - ensures cell is grown sufficiently for replication & no DNA damage ; checks interphase happened (S phase prep of cell growth & duplicated organelles))
29
What happens at g1 restriction point if cells arent ready for S
G0 - go into cell cycle arrest ; quiescent cells i.e neurons, heart muscle cells & lung epithelial cells leave here
30
at are quiescent cells
non dividing i.e lung epithelial , neurons & heart muscle cells
31
What is pRB in G1 phase
phosphorylated Rb
32
Recall the steps that occur when pRb binds e2f in G1
active pRB (unphosph.) binds e2f ; actively recruits HDACs = chromatin close ; PrB phosphorylated so inactived & E2F released to bind to transcription start sites ; S phase genes on & cdK2 phosphorylates Rb & inactives it
33
g1 dna damage slide
34
sources of dna damage
inheret rep ; UV & radiation ; free radicals ; sugar(glycation ) ; stress breathing drinking food ..
35
What is p53 and its function
transcriptional activator for genes inv. in repair ; resp. for growth arrest & activates p21
36
what is p21
21 kD protein that inhibits CDK activity when activated by p53 ; interacts directly w rep. machinery to halt rep. in S phase( in interphase)
37
What main mechanism happens in S phase of interphase
DNA replication ; 46 chrosome pairs & 4 chromatids ; reg by cycA-cdk2
38
What happens in G2 of interphase
cell growth & CD prep ; enzymes synthetized for mitosis
39
What does the G2/M checkpoint do
check DNA integrity & replication is accurate etc.
40
How many DNA damage checkpoints are there
2 ? and one splicing
41
What occurs when DNA is damaged
DD checkpoint kinase 1 (ATR) activates chKinase1 - chK1 inhibits Cdc25a (phosphatase) so cant activate CdK1 - cHK1 activates Wee1 (w1 inhibits cdk1 by pshprylation) - chK1 phosphorylates/activates p53 p53 activates cdk inhibitor p21 - results in cell cycle arrest & apoptosis
42
What phase does the cell DNA seperate
M phase
43
what happens in M phase which is regulated by CYCB-CdK1
nuclear env. disasssembles = 2 identical dcells
44
What 4 things happen in prophase
chromosome condenses ; nuclear env goes ; spindles move to diff sides of cells & sfibres (kinetochore) att to centromeres of chromosomes
45
what happens in metaphase
chr. line up
46
what occurs in anaphase
centromeres snap & one copy of ch pulled to each pole (sister chromatids separate)
47
Recall what occurs in telophase
ch. decondense & nuclear env reappears (pic of 2 unseparted cells joined in middle but have own set of chrosomes)
48
Where is the spindle checkpoint and what does it check
in anaphase ; checks all sis chromatids attached to spindle properly ; full atchmt of chromatid set activates APC (anaphase promo complex) ; active APC.... fix using pic slide 48
49
Microtubule attachment to centtrosome is associated with transition between what 2 phases
metaphase (centre line up) & anaphase (cchromosomes pulled awy)
50
Mad2 component released if microtubules are not attched it prevents the destruction of what cyclin
cyclin b = MPF inactivated
51
what happens to MAD2 if microtubules are attached to all chromosomes
no longer released & = cycB degradation triggering chromosome segragation
52
What is a lamin (nuclear lamina) and where are they
below nuclear envelope inside nucleus ; network of intermediate filaments and assoc. proteins - participates in chromatin organisation & anchors nuclear pore complexes
53
Why is lamin structure (inside nuclear pore) critical
mutations cause disease like progeria ; mutations cause RNA splicing to skip part of protein = smaller protein and disease
54
what is rna splicing
rna cut to generate diff sequences of introns and exons for specific proteins
55
alt splicing can result in diff proteins with diff functions linked to the basis of many )_________
diseases
56
extra reading,.....

molec bio (2 decks)

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