T3 Ch9a Flashcards
(54 cards)
Motivation
need or desire that energizes & directs behavior
Drive-Reduction Theory
physiological need leads to physical arousal
homeostasis:
maintaining a balanced/constant internal state
incentives:
environmental stimuli that lure/repel us
Arousal Theory:
motivated behaviors can increase arousal
We make sure we meet biological needs, then look for something stimulating—just not too much as that causes stress; must find the optimum level…
Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow):
idea is that some needs take priority over others—must meet bottom ones before moving up to the higher ones
Hierarchy of Needs (List):
Hunger/thirst, safety, give & receive love, self-esteem, self-actualization (people realize their own potential), new one self transcendence (find meaningng/purpose/
identity beyond self)
Emotion:
It is the feeling aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings. Three aspects: physiological arousal expressive behaviors conscious experience
Early Theory of emotion
we do things because of emotion: Seeing a growling dog in one’s path causes the feeling of fear
James-Lange theory of emotion
a stimulus leads to bodily arousal first, which is then interpreted as an emotion
EXPERIENCE OF EMOTION IS OUR AWARENESS OF OUR PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO EMOTION-AROUSING STIMULI
Two-factor theory:
to experience emotion one must 1. be physical aroused and 2. cognitively label the arousal
Physiology of Emotion
Physically when a person experiences an emotion, this is an arousal created by the autonomic nervous system, more specifically the sympathetic nervous system
Easy/well learned =
relatively high arousal for peak performance
More difficult/unrehearsed =
somewhat lower level of arousal for peak performance
Negative emotions (brain):
right frontal cortex more active
Positive emotions (brain)
left frontal areas more active
amygdala
It is associated with fear in both humans and animals and is involved in the facial expressions of human emotions.
Involved in nonconscious emotional processing…gut reactions…
Spillover effects
Arousal from something before spills over and intensifies arousal in next thing
How many distinct emotions are there?
Plutchik (1980) proposed that there are eight basic emotions: fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, and acceptance.
GENDER (emotions):
women are better “emotion detectors”
primary and secondary emotions
Primary emotions are those shared by the people throughout the world, regardless of culture
Facial Feedback Effect –
posits that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning emotion being expressed, which in turn not only intensifies the emotion but also actually causes the emotion.
Catharsis:
emotional release (anger?)
feel-good, do-good phenomenon –
we’re more helpful to others if we’re in a good mood
