T9 Locomotion Flashcards by Rawan Barakat

Skeletal muscle

functions to contract in response to a stimulus.

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Muscle

bundle of muscle fibres (muscle cells)

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Myoblasts fuse

to form long multi-nucleate cell

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Myofibrils

basic rod-like organelle of a muscle cell (consist of alternating myosin and actin in stacks)

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Myosin

thick filaments

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Actin

thin filaments

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Sarcomeres

unit of skeletal muscle, arrangement of thick and thin filaments along length of myofibril

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Sliding filament model

model of muscle contraction that shows how muscles generate force and produce movement

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Muscles contract

when the myosin filaments pull the opposing actin filaments toward each other

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Cross Bridge Cycle

as myosin attaches to actin, myosin pulls of actin, ATP is generated and myosin detaches, Atp is hydrolyzed

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Force is generated

when number of cross-bridges between actin & myosin in sarcomere increase

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more muscle cells/fibres

more sarcomeres

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longer muscle cells/fibres

more sarcomeres

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rapid contraction

decreases number of cross-bridges

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Physiological limitations on energy production

limit rate of ATP production, delivery of O2 to muscles (takes time)

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Aerobic oxidative respiration

Slow Twitch (Type I)

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High mitochondria

Slow Twitch (Type I)

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High myoglobin (stores O2)

Slow Twitch (Type I)

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High vascularization

Slow Twitch (Type I)

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Low glycogen

Slow Twitch (Type I)

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Low power, endurance

Slow Twitch (Type I)

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Dark meat

Slow Twitch (Type I)

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Anaerobic glycolysis

Fast Twitch (Type II)

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Low mitochondria

Fast Twitch (Type II)

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Low myoglobin

Fast Twitch (Type II)

Low vascularization

Fast Twitch (Type II)

High glycogen

Fast Twitch (Type II)

High power, bursts

Fast Twitch (Type II)

White meat

Fast Twitch (Type II)

MRmax

Maximum metabolic rate

Cells have metabolic pools of ATP

instant energy, used up fast

Cells have metabolic pools of phosphocreatine (PCr)

instant backup pool of “ATP”

Reactants PCr + ADP

Products Cr + ATP

O2 Debt

use up cellular pools of ATP/PCr and produces lactic acid (anaerobic)

Recovery Metabolism

replenishes cellular pools of ATP/PCr and removes lactic acid

Metabolic scope

- indicates the scope (capacity) for activity MRmaxRMR or MRsusRMR

Mass-Specific Metabolic Rate

Energy (volume of oxygen) required to move 1 unit mass of an organism

Cost of Transport (CoT)

Energy required to move 1 unit mass of an organism 1 unit distance.

Inertia

tendency of a mass to resist a change in motion

Momentum

tendency of a moving mass to sustain velocity

spend less energy overcoming drag than small organisms

Large organisms

Forces acting on a runner

Gravity, Drag, Thrust, Muscle action

Gravity on runners

Largest factor in activity budget

Drag on runners

Force generated in opposition to thrust

Muscle action on runners

constantly supporting our mass

Thrust on runners

Energy needed for forward motion

As velocity increases (muscles contract faster, more energy required)

limbs move faster

Small runners have to work harder to move fast

limbs/muscles are shorter, more contact with ground

As velocity increases, more energy can go towards generating forward motion

momentum increases, less contact with ground (less energy loss)

Forces acting on a swimmer

Gravity, Drag, Thrust, buoyancy

Gravity on swimmer

negligible factor in activity budget

Drag on swimmer

Biggest cost to a swimmer (body plan (shape) adapted to minimize drag)

Thrust on swimmer

Energy needed for forward motion

Buoyancy on swimmer

generate neutral buoyancy (swim bladders)

Skin friction drag

Viscous forces

Pressure drag

Inertial forces

larger swimmers

experience less skin friction drag

As velocity increases, limbs move faster

muscles contract faster more energy required

Small swimmers must work harder to move faster because of

shorter limbs/muscles

As velocity increases,

pressure drag increases

Forces acting on a flier

Gravity, Draag, Thrust, Lift

Gravity on flier

more important at low velocities

Thrust on flier

Energy needed for forward motion

Drag on flier

more important at high velocities

Lift on flier

force generated that counters gravity that increases with velocity

larger fliers fight harder

against gravity due to greater mass

larger fliers must work harder

to overcome drag

Very small fliers have to work hard to move fast

continually beat wings to stay aloft

This trend is reversed in medium to large fliers

larger fliers can glide to reduce energy expense

energy expense to fight

gravity decreases

energy expense to fight

drag increases

T9 Locomotion Flashcards

(71 cards)