Taak 4: Bias Flashcards
What is self-report bias?
Focus on limitations of self-reported subjective history without judgment or mention as to whether an examinee might be consciously distorting the history for secondary gain, misremembering pre, and post-injury events, or is simply amnestic for facts surrounding a particular incident.
What are base rates and why is it important to use in the diagnostic proces?
Base rate is defined as the frequency or prevalence of diagnosis, condition symptom, sign, or disorder within a given population. Base rates help inform the decision making process and address the significance of a particular test finding.
What is confirmation bias?
Give a preference to the information which is a confirmation to the hypothesis, and ignore other information which can refute the hypothesis. Looking for information to get the ‘right’ conclusion.
If the following statements are said to a cliënt, what kind of bias can emergence? : ‘There are only two genders’, ‘everyone is a little bit autistic’, ‘you are overreacting’
Personal/political bias.
Life experiences and political preference can influence the cliënt and the outcome of the test that follows.
What bias emergence if the GP gives a diagnosis in the referal letter, and the psychologist keeps with that same diagnosis without further evaluation?
Diagnosis Momentum
A person who got a brain injury in an accident, tells that he used to be good in chess before the accident but now he is not as good anymore. When his partner was asked about that change, she didn’t agree with his statement. What kind of bias could be happening here?
Good old days bias
What bias characterizes the neuropsychologist who is 100% certain that they know “the truth”?
Overconfidence bias
What type of thinking do you use for analytical thinking and conscious effort.
System two thinking
What is not true?
A. Both empiricists and romanticists base their judgments on a combination of scientific findings, inormal observations and clinical lore.
B. Empiricists place a greater emphasis on scientific findings.
C. Romanticists do not use clinical validation for findings, they only learn from experience
D. Romanticists make more decisions from experience, empiricists use more scientific information for their decisions.
C. Romanticists also use clinical validation for findings.
The article of Spanjaars is about the influence of referal letters in the judgement of a diagnosis from clinicians. What is true?
A. The experience of a clinician doesn’t matter, both are not influenced by the referal letters of the GP.
B. Experienced clinicians are more likely to state the same diagnosis as in the referal letter.
C. Less experienced clinicians are more likely to state the same diagnosis as in the referal letter.
D. The experience of a clinician doesn’t matter, both are evenly influenced by the referal letter of the GP.
C. Less experienced clinicians are more likely to state the same diagnosis as in the referal letter (bias)
Why is Bayes’ rules designed and what 3 elements does it contain?
Bayes’ rules is designed to help calculate the posterior probability of an individual’s condition (disease or disorder). This is calculated based on:
1. The prevalence of prior probability of that condition in the population of that individual.
2. The sensitivity of a test
3. The specificity of a test
Name 5 steps in interpreting a test result.
- Determine the population to which the person tested belongs and the setting in which the test was taken.
- Find the prevalence of the condition in that population and setting.
- Find the sensitivity and specificity of the test (in the manual).
- Enter the numbers in a flowchart or crosstable.
- Calculate the probablility of the presence of the conditon given a positive test results, or the probability of the absence of the disorder given a negative test result.
Bonus:
What is the formula to calculate the probability of the precence of the condition given a positive test result. (Bayes’ rule)
Probability of positive answer = (Sensitivity x Prevalence)
: ((Sensitivity x prevalence) + (1 – specificity x (1-prevalence))
