Taak 5: Cultural influences

Question 1

What are 3 kind of bias in cross-cultural tests?

Answer 1

• Construct bias
• Method bias
• Item bias/differential item functioning

Question 2

What is administration bias and to what bias is this an example?

Answer 2

Administration bias can be in communication problems between interviewers and interviewees if they have a different first language/cultural backgrounds. It is an example of method bias.

Question 3

What is the concept of pathoplasticity of psychological disorders?

Answer 3

The variability in symptoms, course, outcome, and distribution of mental disorders among various cultural groups.

Question 4

It is widely accepted that the translation of psychological instruments involves more then rewriting the test in another language. Which two common procedures will lead to develop translation? Explain both procedures.

Answer 4

• Translation - backtranslation procedure: First a text is translated from a source into a target language; secondly an interpreter independently translates the test back into the source language. The accuracy of the translation is evaluated by comparing the original and back translated versions.
• The committee approach: A group of people, often with different areas of expertise prepare a translation.

Question 5

What is the difference between simultaneous development and successive development?

Answer 5

With simultaneous development you start from scratch for different languages to make a test. With successive development, there is already a test which you try to change for a different language.

Question 6

There are 3 options available to researchers in the successive development method, name these 3 and give an explanation on each of them.

Answer 6

• Application = It amounts to the literal translation of an instrument into a target language.
• Adaptation = For some instruments, it is unrealistic to assume that a simple translation will yield an instrument that will adequately cover the same construct in the target group. An adaptation amounts the literal translation of a part of items and/or changes in other items and/or the creation of new items.
• Assembly= (make a new test, when there is for instance a big bias) You have already a test to begin with, you just make a very new one.

Question 7

Name three types of equivalence, and which one has the highest equivalence?

Answer 7

• Construct equivalence
• Measurement equivalence
• Scaler equivalence