table of major hormones Flashcards by chris Woodard

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

Epinephrine

Source:
Adrenal medulla

major targets & Effects
many targets; stimulates & coordinates
fight/fright/flight/ response

regulation of release:
stimulated by physical or perceived stress

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REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

insulin

Source:
pancreas

major targets & Effects
most body cells & liver; lowers blood glucose

regulation of release:
blood glucose levels

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REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

glucagon

Source:
pancreas

major targets & Effects
liver, muscles & adipose tissue; raises blood glucose

regulation of release:
blood glucose levels

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REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

glucose-dependent
insulinotropic peptide
(GIP)

Source:
small intestine

major targets & Effects
pancreas; increases insulin release

regulation of release:
stimulated by presence of chyme in small intestine

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REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

ghrelin

Source:
stomach

major targets & Effects
brain; increases hunger when stomach is empty; also stimulates GH release from the pituitary; increases intestinal motility

regulation of release:
full stomach inhibits release: may be regulated by sleep & biological clock

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REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

Thyroid hormone (T3= triiodothyronine; T4=thyroxine)

Source:
thyroid gland

major targets & Effects
most body cells; increases metabolism

regulation of release:
stimulated by TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

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REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Source:
anterior pituitary

major targets & Effects
thyroid gland; causes synthesis & release of thyroid hormone

regulation of release:
TRH (thyroid releasing hormone) stimulates; thyroid hormones inhibit

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REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

Growth hormone (GH)

Source:
anterior pituitary

major targets & Effects
liver, muscles & bones, most cells, directly & via somatomedins causes growth

regulation of release:
GHRH (Growth hormone releasing hormone) stimulates & GHRIH (Growth hormone releasing inhibiting hormone) inhibits

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REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

TSH-releasing hormone (TRH)

Source:
hypothalamus

major targets & Effects
anterior pituitary; causes release of TSH & prolactin

regulation of release:
other brain areas; low body temp increases; thyroid hormone inhibits

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REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

Somatomedins (IGF-insulin growth factor)

Source:
liver

major targets & Effects
long bones & skeletal muscles; causes growth

regulation of release:
stimulated by GH

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REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

GH-releasing hormone (GHRH); somatocrinin

Source:
hypothalamus

major targets & Effects
anterior pituitary; increases growth hormone release

regulation of release:
other brain areas; sleep & hypoglycemia

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REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

GH-release inhibiting hormone (GHRIH); somatostatin

Source:
hypothalamus

major targets & Effects
anterior pituitary; decreases GH release; also decreases TSH release

regulation of release:
other brain areas

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REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

Cortisol

Source:
adrenal cortex

major targets & Effects
liver, adipose tissue, muscle, raises blood glucose levels

regulation of release:
stimulated by ACTH

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REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

Source:
anterior pituitary

major targets & Effects
adrenal cortex; increases synthesis & secretion of glucocorticoids

regulation of release:
CRH stimulates; glucocorticoids inhibit

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REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Source:
hypothalamus

major targets & Effects
anterior pituitary; causes release of ACTH

regulation of release:
other brain areas & negative feedback by cortisol & ACTH

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REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

Leptin

Source:
adipocytes

major targets & Effects
brain; increases satiety & decrease hunger to decrease caloric intake

regulation of release:
stimulated by level of fat storage in adipocytes

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REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

adiponectin

Source:
adipocytes

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major targets & Effects
many targets; appears to increase insulin effects (sensitivity); anti-inflammatory & anti arthrogenic

regulation of release:
triglyceride (fat) storage inhibits release; inflammation may inhibit release also

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

osteocalcin

Source:
Bone (osteoblasts)

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major targets & Effects
pancreas -increases insulin release; increases insulin sensitivity; adipocytes- decreases adiponectin and fat; may increase testosterone production from testis

regulation of release:
sympathetic innervation reduces release; bone remodeling stimulates

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

erythropoietin

Source:
Kidney

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major targets & Effects
bone marrow; stimulates RBC production

regulation of release:lack of oxygen (hypoxia)

REGULATION OF ENERGY SOURCES & AVAILABILITY

hepcidin

Source:
liver

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major targets & Effects
intestines-reduces iron absorption

regulation of release:
increased by inflammation and iron

DIGESTION

gastrin

Source:
stomach

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major targets & Effects
stomach; stimulates gastric motility & HCI secretion

regulation of release:
stimulated by presence of food in the stomach or thoughts/smells of food

DIGESTION

Secretin

Source:
small intestine

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major targets & Effects
pancreas& liver; increases HCO3 secretion & potentiates CCK actions at pancreas & liver

regulation of release:
stimulated by presence of chyme in small intestine

DIGESTION

cholescystokinin (CCK)

Source:
small intestine

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major targets & Effects
pancreas, liver & gall bladder; increases pancreatic enzyme secretion; causes gall bladder contraction & bile synthesis & secretion; potentiates secretin activity

regulation of release:
stimulated by presence of chyme in small intestine

DIGESTION

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

Source:
small intestine

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major targets & Effects
small intestine; increases secretion of electrolytes & smooth muscle relaxation; may cause vasodilation in local area

regulation of release:
stimulated by presence of chyme in small intestine

REPRODUCTION Oxytocin Source: posterior pituitary

major targets & Effects breasts, urogenital tract; milk ejection, uterine contractions at parturition, smooth muscle contraction during orgasm regulation of release: sucking of infant; dilation of cervix; other neural stimuli

REPRODUCTION prolactin (PRL) Source: anterior pituitary

major targets & Effects breasts; increased milk production ``` regulation of release: gonadal steroids (P& E) and lactation ```

REPRODUCTION Dopamine Source: hypothalamus

major targets & Effects anterior pituitary; inhibits PRL release regulation of release: higher brain centers

REPRODUCTION Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Source: anterior pituitary

major targets & Effects gonads; causes germ cell maturation & hormone synthesis in the gonads regulation of release: GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone) stimulates; gonadal hormones inhibit

REPRODUCTION luteinizing hormone (LH) Source: anterior pituitary

major targets & Effects gonads; causes germ cell maturation & steroid synthesis regulation of release: GnRH stimulates; gonadal steroids inhibit

REPRODUCTION Gonadotropin releasin hormone (GnIH or RFRP3) Source: hypothalamus

major targets & Effects median eminence and/or pituitary; inhibits release of gonadotropins and /or GnRH regulation of release: still under investigation

REPRODUCTION Testosterone Source: testes ovaries in small amounts

major targets & Effects testes, brain & other tissues; stimulates sperm production & male secondary sex characteristics & libido regulation of release: stimulated by LH in testes

REPRODUCTION inhibin Source: testis or ovary

major targets & Effects anterior pituitary; decreases release of FSH regulation of release: stimulated by FSH in testes and ovaries

REPRODUCTION estrogen Source: ovary

major targets & Effects ovarian follicle, uterus, brain & other tissues; stimulates follicle maturation, uterus, female secondary sex characteristics regulation of release: stimulated by LH & FSH

REPRODUCTION Progesterone Source: ovary

major targets & Effects uterus, brain & other tissues; stimulates uterus, supports pregnancy & lactation regulation of release: stimulated by LH

REPRODUCTION Melatonin Source: pineal gland

major targets & Effects brain to help regulate rhythms, particularly sasonal changes regulation of release: light & biological clock in hypothalamus regulate release

WATER & SALT BALANCE (ALSO BLOOD VOL AND PSI) Arginine Vasopressin (AVP)=antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Source: posterior pituitary

major targets & Effects kidneys; increases water reabsorption (=less urine) regulation of release: blood pressure & osmolarity

WATER & SALT BALANCE (ALSO BLOOD VOL AND PSI) aldosterone Source: adrenal cortex

major targets & Effects kidney; stimulates retention of Na+ regulation of release: stimulated by angiotensin II; some stimulation by ACTH

WATER & SALT BALANCE (ALSO BLOOD VOL AND PSI) angiotensin II (AII) Source: conversion in blood

major targets & Effects adrenal cortex; stimulates the synthesis & release of aldosterone regulation of release: fromed from angiotensin I following release of renin into blood stream

WATER & SALT BALANCE (ALSO BLOOD VOL AND PSI) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP/ANH or Brain NP) Source: heart

major targets & Effects kidney & posterior pituitary; stimulates excretion of Na+ and water by decreasing release and effect of aldosterone and AVP regulation of release: stimulated by high blood pressure & stretch of the right atrium (ANP) or ventricle (BNP)

CALCIUM AND BONE REGULATION parathyroid hormone (PTH) Source: parathyroid glands

major targets & Effects bone, intestines & kidneys, increases blood calcium levels regulation of release: blood calcium levels

CALCIUM AND BONE REGULATION vitamin D3=calcitriol Source: body plus sunshine

major targets & Effects bones, intestines & kidneys, increases blood calcium levels regulation of release: PTH stimulates; sunshine required

CALCIUM AND BONE REGULATION Calcitonin Source: C cells of thyroid

major targets & Effects bone; decreases blood calcim levels (only really important in egg-laying animals or animals that live in aquatic environments) regulation of release: blood calcium levels

table of major hormones Flashcards

(42 cards)