Urinary System

Question 1

are there two ureters?

Answer 1

there are two ureter that carry urine from the kedney to the bladder

Question 2

is there one urethra?

Answer 2

there is only one urethra carrying urine to the outside

Question 3

when fluid leaves the kidneys is it urine?

Answer 3

fluid that leaves the kidneys is considered urine

Question 4

what is the function of ureters, bladders, and urethra?

Answer 4

the ureters, bladder, and urethra are simply transport and holding structures

Question 5

what are the functions of the kidney?

Answer 5

• regulation of water and ion balance
• removal of water soluble wastes and toxins from blood and excretion in urine
• gluconeogenis

Question 6

what does endocrine function involve?

Answer 6

• erythropoietin production and release
• final enzymatic step in calcitriol formation
• renin release to produce angiotensin II

Question 7

what are some organic wastes?

Answer 7

• nitrogenous wastes
• creatinine
• urobilinogen

Question 8

nitrogenous wastes are the product of what? list some.

Answer 8

nitrogenous wastes- from breakdown of amino acids (gluconegenesis) and nitrogenous bases

• urea (primary)
• ammonia (minor)
• uric acid

Question 9

are nitrogenous wastes toxic?

Answer 9

build up of nitrogenous wastes in the bloodstream is toxic

Question 10

can toxins kill you?

Answer 10

toxic buildup can damage and kill you, typicallly this toxic buildup is not a problem, unless you have kidney failure.

Question 11

is creatinine the product of another substance being broke down?

Answer 11

creatinine is a normal breakdown product of creatine phosphate (energy in muscles)

Question 12

is creatine clearance a useful marker for something?

Answer 12

creatine clearance is a useful marker in medical practice to indicate muscle damage.

Question 13

can too much creatine be harmful?

Answer 13

too much cratine or creatinine in the bloodstream can create difficulties for the kidney or damage to the kedney

Question 14

can kidney damage occur if creatine is overused?

Answer 14

there is a risk of taking cratine supplements for muscle building, because of potential kideny damage

Question 15

what is urobilinogen?

Answer 15

Urobilinogen is a breakdown product of hemoglobin

Question 16

RETROPERITONEAL POSITION OF KIDNEY

where are the kidney positioned?

Answer 16

kidneys are positioned behind the peritoneum and its membranes

Question 17

RETROPERITONEAL POSITION OF KIDNEY

are kidneys contained in their own capsule?

Answer 17

kidneys are contained within their own fibrous capsule

Question 18

RETROPERITONEAL POSITION OF KIDNEY

is the immune system very active in this capsule?

Answer 18

The capsule is somewhat protected from complete immune system activity and is sometimes referred to as “immuno privileged”

Question 19

RETROPERITONEAL POSITION OF KIDNEY

is there a reason the kindneys where the first organs ever transplanted into humans?

Answer 19

kidneys special location and goo flow along with their immunoprivileged location stands to reason why they were the first organs transplanted in humans

Question 20

RETROPERITONEAL POSITION OF KIDNEY

“up” refers to what? in the context of the kidney.

Answer 20

“up” refers to heading toward the outer cortex

Question 21

RETROPERITONEAL POSITION OF KIDNEY

“down” refers to what? in the context of the kidney.

Answer 21

“down” refers to heading toward the renal pelvis or inner medulla

Question 22

RETROPERITONEAL POSITION OF KIDNEY

are the pyramids actually shaped like pyramids?

Answer 22

the pyramids are actually 3d structures wit the literal shape of a pyramid

Question 23

RETROPERITONEAL POSITION OF KIDNEY

where does urine production occur?

Answer 23

the pyramids and the area of cortex immediately above them are where urine production occurs

Question 24

RETROPERITONEAL POSITION OF KIDNEY

what is the path of urine once it drips from the pyramids?

Answer 24

urine drips out of the apex of the pyramids into the mino calyxes and then into the pelvis and out the ureter to the bladder

Question 25

RETROPERITONEAL POSITION OF KIDNEY when fluid leaves the pyramid is it considered urine?

Answer 25

when the fluid leaves the pyramid its urine the composition is unchanged from there until micturition the act of urine excretion from the bladder

Question 26

RENAL CIRCULATION does the renal artery carry a lot of blood?

Answer 26

there is substantial blood supply through the renal artery

Question 27

RENAL CIRCULATION where is the blood from the renal artery carried?

Answer 27

the blood supply is carried to cortex between the pyramids (segmental arteries and interlobar arteries)

Question 28

RENAL CIRCULATION where are the arcuate arteries and where do they branch from?

Answer 28

crossing the top of the pyramids and dividing the cortex and medulla are the arcuate arteries that branch from the interlobar arteries

Question 29

RENAL CIRCULATION does afferent arteriole feed into the glomerulus? and what is the glomerulus?

Answer 29

eventually an afferent arteriole feeds into the glomerulus glomerulus- the specialized capillary bed that creates the fluid that will move through a tube gradually being turned into urine.

Question 30

RENAL CIRCULATION does all the fluid leave the blood?

Answer 30

not all the fluid leaves the blood and the remaining blood in the glomerulus exits into the efferent arteriole.

Question 31

RENAL CIRCULATION why is the efferent arteriole still called an arteriole?

Answer 31

the efferent arteriole is still called an arteriole because it feeds directly into a second capillary bed; and because the blood doesn't leave the organ and usually only travels microscopic distances in the glomerulus, this vessel is termed an arteriole rather than a venule.

Question 32

RENAL CIRCULATION rom the efferent arteriole blood moves into what?

Answer 32

from the efferent arteriole, blood moves into either peritubular capillaries (cortex) or a capillary bed with long vessels named the vasa recta (medulla)

Question 33

RENAL CIRCULATION do the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta pick up most of the fluid thats left in the glomerulus? is there anything else that it picks up?

Answer 33

peritubular capillaries and vasa recta pick up most of the fluid thats left in the glomerulus. it also picks up a lot of other things like most of the NaCI and all of the glucose; from there its back to radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins and eventually the large renal artery

Question 34

MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY what are nephrons?

Answer 34

nephrons are part of the renal tubule where urine production occurs

Question 35

MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY what is the fluid that nephrons dump into collecting ducts?

Answer 35

nephrons dump their fluid called filtrate into collecting ducts (the last part of the renal tubule)

Question 36

MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY where are most of the nephrons located?

Answer 36

most nephrons are in the cortex above the pyramids (cortical nephrons)

Question 37

MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY where are some of the other located? what are they called?

Answer 37

parts of some of the nephrons extend down deep within the renal pyramids (juxtamedullary nephrons)

Question 38

MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY are most nephrons in the cortex?

Answer 38

most of the nephrons are cortical nephrons

Question 39

MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY is concentrated urine the product of juxtamedullary nephrons?

Answer 39

the ability to make urine more concentrated than blood requires juxtramedullary nephrons

Question 40

MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY whats the name of capillary beds that wrap around the cortical nephrons

Answer 40

the capillary beds that wraps around the cortical nephrons is the peritubular capillaries

Question 41

MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY what does the vasa recta wrap around? and what is the loop called?

Answer 41

the vas recta wraps around the part of the juxtamedullary nephrons that extends deep into the pyramids called the renal loop or loop of henle

Question 42

MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY what is filtrate created from?

Answer 42

filtrate is created from fluid that is pushed out of the capillaries of the glomerulus and into the renal capsule, also called bowmans capsule.

Question 43

MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY where does filtrate travel?

Answer 43

after the filtrate is created it travels through the nephron until it reaches the collecting duct

Question 44

MICROCIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY does one collecting duct receive filtrate from many nephrons?

Answer 44

one collecting duct will receive filtrate from many nephrons as it travels "down" toward the apex of the renal pyramid