Taboo List Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
Aim
A
A statement of what the researchers wants to find out by their study
2
Q
Hypothesis
A
An exact and testable statement about what the researcher believes will happen in the study
3
Q
Alternative hypothesis
A
Any hypothesis expect a null
4
Q
Directional/one-tailed hypothesis
A
Predicts a change in one direction
5
Q
Non directional/2-tailed hypothesis
A
Predicts that there will be the variables with have an effect (in no particular direction) on the outcome of a study
6
Q
Null hypothesis
A
The assumption that there will be no effect or relationship between variables of a study
7
Q
Independent variable
A
A variable that is directly manipulated by a researcher in order to test its effect on the DV
8
Q
Dependant variable
A
The variable thats measured by a researcher
9
Q
Co-variables
A
Variables that are in correlation; they must be related and continuous
10
Q
Correlation coefficient
A
A number between -1 and +1 that tells us how closely the co-variables in a correlational analysis are asociated
11
Q
Extraneous variable
A
They do not act as another IV but they may have an effect on the Dv , they can effect the outcome of a study
12
Q
Lab experiment
A
A research method where causal conclusions can be drawn because an independent variable has been deliberately manipulated to observe the effect on the DV
13
Q
Experiement
A
A type of research method with an IV and the DV is measured
14
Q
Field experiment
A
A controlled experiement that is conducted outside a lab, the IV is still mainpulated so a relationship can be demonstrated
15
Q
Natural/quasi experiment
A
A type of experiment in which the researcher cannot mainpualte variables , but records the natural effect on the DV
16
Q
Observation
A
A method used by reserchers to asses the DV, can be structured or unstructured
17
Q
Participant observation
A
A type of observation made by a participant who is taking part in the activity which is being observed
18
Q
Non participant observation
A
The observer is seperate from the participant that is being observed
19
Q
Content analysis
A
A kind of observational study that in which behaviour is identified in written or verbal material (artifacts)
20
Q
Questionnaire’s
A
Data collected through the use of written questions
21
Q
Interviews
A
A technique that involves face to face ‘real time’ interaction with another individual and ends with the data gathered being collected
22
Q
Correlational study
A
A study that investigates the relationship between 2 or more variables without the researcher manipulating them
23
Q
Case study
A
An investigation that involves a detailed study of a single individual , institution or event , its a rich record of experience
24
Q
Pilot study
A
A small-scale ‘trial’ run of a study to test any aspect of a studies design , with an aim to make improvments
25
Brain scans
They are used to investigate the functioning of the brain by taking images of the living brain
26
P.E.T Scans
A method of brain scan that involves ingesting radioactive glucose and seeing which area of the brain is active
27
C.A.T Scans
A radiographic technique for quickly producing detailed 3D image of the brain or other tissues
28
M.R.I Scans
A technique that creates 30 detailed images of the brain via the use of magnetic fields and radio signals
29
Longitudinal Studies
A study which is conducted over a long period of time. Often used alongside repeated measures design
30
Cross-sectional study
One group of participants are representative of one section of society and compared with ppts of another group , in order to compare ppts across populations
31
Self-report techniques
A way of gathering information where a ppt records their own behaviour
32
Online research
Refers to research is that is collected via the internet
33
Target population
The group of individuals a researcher is interested in and from whom they draw their sample from
34
Sample population
The sample of the target population that will participate in the research
35
Random sampling
A technique that involves every person in the sample population having an equal chance of selection
36
Systematic sampling
A sampling technique that involves selecting every Nth person
37
Opportunity sampling
A sample produced by selecting individuals who were simply available at the time
38
Stratified sampling
A sample produced by identifying subgroups (according to their frequency) in the target population , ppts are then randomly selected from these subgroups
39
Quota sampling
Ppts from subgroups are picked specifically due to being representative of the target population , they are then picked with oppertunity sampling
40
Self selected sampling
A sample of ppts that relies solely on volunteers to make it up
41
Snowball sampling
When ppts are encouraged to select other people they know to join the sample , it rellies on referrals from original ppts
42
Independent groups
Ppts are placed in separate groups , each group has one level of the IV
43
Repeated measures
All ppts receive all the levels of the IV as they participate in every condition
44
Matched pairs
Pairs of ppts are matched based off key variables such as age or IQ , each member of the pair is subjected to a different condition of the IV
45
Levels of measurement
the distinctions between different types of data . Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
NOIR
46
Nominal data
data that is categorical
e.g. cat , dog , mouse
47
Ordinal data
data that is ordered
e.g. A,B,C grades
48
Interval data
measured using equal intervals without a 0
e.g. IQ (you cant score 0)
49
Ratio data
data that has a natural 0 point
e.g. amount of Money
50
Bar Chart
A graphical representation used to represent the frequency of data . The categories on the X axis have no fixed order, there is no true 0 and the bars don't touch
51
Pie chart
A cirucular graphical representation which is made out of 'slices' , with each slice representing a proportion of the total
52
Line graph
A graphical representation that is used to display contious data on the X-axis , there is a dot to mark the top of each 'bar' , a line also connects these dots
53
Scatter graph
A graphical representation which uses dots to represent values for two different numerical variables
54
Histogram
A graphical representation that in which the number of scores in each category of continuous data, represented by vertical columns
55
Measure of central tendency (mean, mode, median)
A descriptive statistic that provides a typical value
56
measures of dispersion
They provide information on how spread out a set of data is
57
Mean
sum of all the data divided by number of values
58
Median
the middle value of a set of data after being formed into rank order
59
Mode
the most frequently occurring item in a set of data
60
Standard deviation
it shows the amount of variation in a data set , it is used to asses the spread of data around a mean
61
Range
The difference between the highest and lowest value in a data set
62
What are the three measures of central tendency?
mean , mode and median
63
What are the two measures of dispersion?
Standard deviation and range
64
What is a type one error?
its a false positive , it occurs if an investigator rejects a null hypothesis when it is true it happens if a researcher is too lenient with the probability value
65
What is a type two error
its a false negative , it occurs if an investigator accepts a null hypothesis when it is false . it happens if a researcher is too stringent with the probability value
66
Spearman Rho
used to test a study of correlation , the observed value must be great than the critical value for results to be significant
67
Wilcoxon T test
used in a study with repeated measures , with ordinal , interval or ratio data and in a test of difference , in which the critical value needs to be greater than the observed value for results to be significant
68
Sign T test
used in a study with repeated measures , with nominal data and in a test of difference in which the critical value needs to be greater than the observed value for results to be significant
69
Mann Whitney U test
used in a study which is uses independent groups , with ordinal , interval or ratio data and in a test of difference which the critical value needs to be greater than the observed value for results to be significant
70
degrees of freedom formula (for Chi squared)
(rows - 1) x (columns - 1)
71
Chi Squared
used in a study which is a uses Independent groups , with nominal data and in a test of difference , the observed value must be great than the critical value for results to be significant
Df is needed to read table
72
Relability
The overall consistency of results
73
Validity
The overall realisn of a study and its results
74
Inter-rater reliability
The extent to which there is an agreement between two or more researchers involved in the observation of behaviour
75
Spilt half method
A method of assessing internal reliability, by comparing to half of a test to see if the scores coincide with eachother
76
Test-retest
Used to check internal relability , done by testing a participant and then testing them again after they would have forgotten the details
77
Face validity
A form of external validity , it is the extent to which test items seem like they test what they claim to measure
78
Content validity
Aims to demonstrate that the content of a test represents the area of interest
79
Demand characteristics
A variable that makes ppts unconsciously aware of the study or any clue that may allow a ptt to guess the aim
80
Single blind technique
It is when ppts arent make aware of the studys aim until after , where it is revealed in the debrief
81
Double blind technique
When neither the ppt nor the researcher knows the true aim of the study
82
Ethical committes
A group of people within a research institution that must aprove a study before it begins , in order to protect ppts
83
How do we deal with ethical committies?
We can make sure our study follows all ethical guidelines ; for example , having a valid brief and debrief
84
Ethical guidelines
A set of principles designed to help professionals behave with integrity and honesty
85
How do we work with ethical guidelines?
We comply with the guidelines
86
Confidentiality
Concerns the communication of personal information from one person to another , in hope that their data will be protected
87
How can we help ppts stay confidential?
We can give fake names and publish 0 personal data of ppts in our study
88
Privacy
A person right to control their own data
89
How can we keep ppts aware of their right to mantain privacy?
Remind of their right to withdraw during the brief and debrief and that if they do withdraw , their data is destroyed
90
Deception
The ppt not being told the true aim of a study
91
How do we deal with deception?
We inform ppts of the true aim during the debrief
92
Risk of psychological harm
Participant may encounter a number of negative feelsinga during the study
93
How do we reduce the risk of psychological harm for ppts?
We would follow ethical guidelines and remind ppts of their right to withdraw at any time during the brief and debrief
94
Risk of participant values or beliefs
When a ppts beliefs or values are challenged
95
How do we reduce the risk of ppts beliefs or views being challenged?
We would follow ethical guidelines and remind ppts of their right to withdraw at any time during the brief and debrief
96
Valid consent
Participants are given comprehensive information on the aim of the study , what it may include and still agree to take part
97
How can valid consent be achieved?
Our brief or debrief must include aim and procudure and other variables that are deemed appropiate to inform ppts of
98
Informed consent
Ppt makes a decision for their data to be used after the true aim is revealed to them
99
How we gain informed consent?
Our debrief must reveal the true aim of our experiment
100
Briefing and debriefing
Information given to ppts before and after a study , in order to reveal aims , procudure , and other factors such as right to withdraw
101
What are the 7 stages of a Psychological report?
Abstract , introduction , method , results , discussion , references and apendix
102
(Report sections) what is the Abstract?
The 1st section
It its a summary of the study , including aims , hypothesis , method , results and conclusions
103
(Report sections) what is the Introduction?
2nd section
It is a review of previous studies and how it leads logically to the personal hypothesis
104
(Report sections) what is the Method?
3rd section
It is a detailed description of what the researcher(s) did , with enough info for reduplication
105
(Report sections) what are the Results?
4th section
Includes all the results the study gathered
106
(Report sections) what is the Dicussion?
5th section
Where the researcher interprets the findings of the study
107
(Report sections) what are the references?
6th section
Where all the references the study used get put
108
(Report section) what is the appendix?
7th section
Where all the items the study used are put (e.g. brief , debrief , data tables)
109
Peer review
When a study needs to be checked by specific individuals (experts) to check the validity of data gathered and the truth behind it
110
Why are peer reviews used?
It's used to prevent data that is flawed from being told to the public as it may be potentially harmful to individuals
111
How is a peer review done?
Usaly serveral experts review the research , they will sugggest any edits or identify issue that they can see
This has 4 outcomes: the work is accepted , the work if accepted if changes are made , the work is rejected but edits are suggested , the work is rejected out right
112
How would you calculate a standard deviation?
1) Calculate the mean
2) Take the mean away from each score in the data set
3) Square each difference
4) Add together each of the squared differences
5) divide the sum by Number of score of data -1
6) square root the sum = Standard deviation
