tangible belonging Flashcards
who were the swabians in hungary
ethnic speaking german settlers who migrated to hungary in the 18th century
what was the main bases for swabian identity before the 20th century
local village life, customs, religious practices, largely still influenced by their german heritage
what concept did swanson use to describe rural german communities and what does it mean
tangible belonging - a sense of identity rooted in ones physical and a sense of identity rooted in the physical environment, routines, and relationships of village life
what role did language play in communities
while initially german dialects were more important, multilingualism was common and language did not serve as a strict identity boundary
what was the significance of the Bauernband founded in 1908
an economic and cultural association promoting collective german identity and their interests
what was the 1868 nationalities law
a law recognizing hungary as a single nation with multiple nationalities, yet in practice encouraged magyarization
what does swanson mean by cultural contact
increased interaction between rural villagers and external influences that gradually reshaped identities and ways of thinking
how did market places function in swabian communities
vital social and economic hubs fostering cultural contact and identity negotiation
what is meant by the shift from center outward to broader inward identity
villagers began identifying with broader ethnic national categories due to increased social contact
what role did the village trinity play in rural communities
notary, teacher and the priest acted as intermediaries for the centralizing hungarian state, promoting magyarization
how did class divisions influence identity and belonging in post ww1 rural hungary
wealthier farmers and artisans aligned with the hungarian state while poorer peasants clung to swabian customs
how did reading print media contribute to identity transformation
expanded the views and horizon of swabians, introducing new ideas about ethnicity and nationalism
what does swanson mean by minority making
the process of which german speaking peasants were transformed in to a national minority through cultural, linguistic and cultural categorization
who were jakob bleyer and Guido Gundisch
leaders of the german activist movement in hungary
Bleyer - cultural nationalism through language and identity
Gundisch - prioritized economic interests
why did Gundisch believe the minority movement was struggling
there was an over ficus on cultural propaganda and it ignored villagers economic needs
how did modernization affect swabian communities
new technologies such as electricity, roads and telephones gradually integrated villagers into broader economic and social networks
what did education policy in the 1920s aim to do for minorities
sought to assimilate minorities through educational reforms that prioritized magyar instruction (only taught lessons in hungaruan)
how did the language policy reflect on broader ideas about identity and belonging
language was viewed as the core marker of national identity, many villagers however prioritized economic and local concerns over ethnic nationalism
what did 1935 elections reveal about swabian political identity
split loyalties between Gratz (cooperated with hungarian government) and Basch (emphasized german nationalism)
how did churches become sites of ethnic conflict
- language shift from german to magyar
- physical segregation of germans
what does the term volk mean in the context of 1930-40s hungary and nazi ideology
it referred to an ethnically defined racial community believed to be bound by shared blood and culture
what was the volksbildungsverein
a cultural association for hungarian germans founded in 1923 to preserve language and culture
what was the volksbund der Deutschen in Ungarn
a radical organization founded in 1938, advocating ethnic german rights, autonomy and was closely aligned with nazi germany
how did the relationship between hungarian and german nationalism evolve in the late 1930’s
hungary adopted more racial exclusionary nationalism. Hungarian germans faced pressure to either fully assimilate or identify with nazi germany
