Task 1 Flashcards
(64 cards)
1
Q
What is meant by an effector ?
A
- part of the body which can move
2
Q
How does movemnt work ??
A
- muscles get activated via motor neurons and mostly antagonistic muscle fibers are used for movement
3
Q
How does an embryo at the earliest onset looks like ?
A
- flat disk with 3 layers
- Endoderm: organs
- Mesoderm: become bones and muscles
- Etoderm: Besomes NS and skin
4
Q
Explain the development of the CNS ?
A
- neural plate -> neural groove (end of groves form) -> neural tube -> 3 primary vesicles /fore mid and hindbrain)-> TDMMM-> foms CNS
5
Q
How is the PNS developed ?
A
- Via the neurol fold and then the neural crest ! (look at the picture)
6
Q
How is the motor system divided in ?
A
- High
- Middle
- Low
7
Q
Name some facts about the high motor system:
A
- part of the association areas of neo cortex and basel ganglia
- figuring out best strategy to get to the goal
- via sensory info of location and filtering of idea by basel ganglia
- IT IS ABOUT STRATEGY
8
Q
Name some facts about the middle motor system:
A
- part of the motor cortex and cerebellum
- smoothly accurately achieve the strategic goal
- via information from past movement
- It is about tactics
9
Q
Name some facts about the low motor system:
A
- part of the brain stem and spinal cord
- activation of neurons that generate the goal directed movements
- correction of posture
- via Motor neurons & inter neurons
- All about Execution
10
Q
On what do all lvls of the motor cortex depend on ?
A
- sensory information -> sensorimotor system
11
Q
What is so sepcial regarding balistic movement ?
A
- brief all-or-none high-speed movements
- not influenced by sensory feedback
12
Q
What is meant by CNS ? And what is part of it ?
A
- Nervous system in the brain and spinal cord
- cerebrum/cerebellum brain stem and spinal cord
13
Q
What is meant by PNS ? And what is part of it ?
A
- nervous system in all other parts besides brain and spinal cord
- Somatic PNS and Viscereal PNS
14
Q
Where is the primary motor cortex located and what is so special about him ?
A
- brodman area 4
- rostral part in every species and caudal part sepciel for humans
- has a somatotopic region
15
Q
What is meant by Extrapyramidal tracts ?
A
-neural pathways that project from the subcortex to the spinal cord
16
Q
Where is the secondary motor cortex located at and what is so special about it ?
A
- Brodmann area 6
- The lateral part is premotor cortex, and medial part is supplementary motor area
17
Q
Are all movements controlled by the motor cortex ?
A
- no the stretch reflex works just fine
- cat experiment
- disconnect the spinal apparatus from the cortex
- Neurons within the spinal cord can create movements
18
Q
What is the main function of the secondary motor areas ?
A
- planning and control of movement
- input from PFC and output to primary motor cortex
19
Q
What is the function of the suplementory motor area ?
A
- for distal motor units
- all about insideside cues
- stronger connections with medial frontal cortex
20
Q
What is the function of the pre motor area ?
A
- for proximal (close) motor units
- all about ouside cues
- stronger connection to parietal lobe
- plays also a role in more complex movement -> is require to integrated use of both hands,
21
Q
What is meant by Apraxia ?
A
- loss of skilled action
22
Q
What is meant by Ideomotor apraxia ?
A
- rough sense of desired action but problems with proper execution
23
Q
What is meant by Ideational apraxia ?
A
- no clue, don’t know how to do things anymore
- more sever
24
Q
What is meant by the ready set go idea ?
A
- Ready depens on parietal and PFC
- Set depens on SMA and PMA (secondary motor cortex)
- Go depens on primary motot cortex
25
What is the function of the parietal lobe ?
- Mental Body Image (knowing where ur body is)
26
What is the function of the PFC ?
- Decisions about what actions to take and their likely outcome
27
What is meant by contraleteral neglect ?
- Damage on one of the cerebral hemisphere causing a deficit in the other hemisphere
28
What is meant by dorsal and what is meant by ventral ?
- Dorsal = up
| - Ventral = Down
29
What is meant by saggital hoizontal and coronal plane ?
- Saggital = reight and left
- Coronal = front and back
- Horizontal = up and down
30
How is the motor system organized ?
- hierachically
31
What was the center out task about ?
- study of monkys which concluded a population vector theory being present in the motor areas
32
How does the population vector work ?
- cell activity depend on prefered direction
- each neuron in the cell has a vote
- the collection of all votes = population vector and can be used as a prediction tool
- each cell has a tuning cure
- population vector can be recorded before the movement
33
What are some of the critics regarding population vector ?
- tuning properties change over the course of an action
34
What is meant by the affordance competition hypothesis ?
- processes of action selection (what to
do) and specification (how to do it) occur simultaneously
- Even when we are performing one action, we are preparing for the next
35
What is meant by the alien hand
| syndrome ?
- lesion in SMA
| - grabs something with one hand but does not know where it actually came from
36
What is meant by brain machine interface ? And name the three essential elements:
1. microelectrode implanted on the cortex
to record neural activity,
2. a computer with decoding algorithms,
3. prosthetic effector.
- Via activity in the cortex u can direct the movemnt of an external object
- research has to figure out the turning profiles of each neuron.
37
Where does BMI also work ?
- Works with cells in M1, PMA, SMA & parietal cortex
38
What diseases could BMI treat ?
- paralesis
| - spinal cord injury
39
What is so special about the cerebellum ?
- movemnet control center
- as many neurons as both hemisphere combined
- right controls right nad left controls left
40
What is so special about the cerebrum ?
- largest part of the brain
| - left controls right and right controls left
41
What is so special about the brain stem ?
- Most simple but most import for life
| - regulation function
42
What is the major function of the spinal cord ? And which two pathways does it contain ?
- highway between brain skin, joints (gelenke), muscles
| - dorsal root and ventral root
43
What is meant by the dorsal root of the spinal cord ?
- sending info toward (afferent) spinal cord
44
What is meant by the ventral root of the spinal cord ?
- sending infor away from spinal cord (efferent
45
What is the major function of the Somatic PNS ?
- all spinal nerves that innervate (reizen/anregen) the skin, joints and muscles
- voluntary movement
46
What is teh major function of the Viscresal PNS ?
- neurons innervating (reizen/anregen) internal organs, blood vessels & glands
- automatic controled movement (blushing)
47
Where are the lateral ventricles located at ?
- next to cerebral cortex and basal telencephalon
48
Where is the third ventricle located ?
- next to the thalamus and hypothalamus
49
Where is the cerebral aqueduct located at ?
- next to the tectum and midbrain tegmentum
50
Where is the Fourth ventricle located at ?
- next to pons medulla and cerebellum
51
When does the SMA fire regarding an action performance ?
- shortly before the action takes place (force and direction)
52
When does the M1 fire regarding an action performance ?
- during the action
53
What happens when u have a large amount of neurons representing a type of movement ?
- it shows finer control (hands or facial expression)
54
What is so special regarding cortical cells in M1 ?
- They can switch there use via plasticity if another area on the body needs it more
55
What was figued out by the penfield experiment ?
- found somatopically organized maps in PMA and SMA
| - in patient with epileptic patient
56
What is the main function of the lateral pathways ? (and name two of them)
- Voluntary Movement of Distal Muscles
| - corticospinal tract and Rubrospinal Tract
57
What is the main function of ventromedial pathways ? (and name all four of them)
1. Vestibulospinal Tract
2. Tectospinal Tract
3. Pontine tract
4. Medullary Reticulospinal Tracts
- for proximal muslces
- mostly for maintaining posture
58
Explain the rubio spinal tract:
- Origin: red nucleus of midbrain
1. Stage: Axon immediately cross (decusates) in pons
2. Spinal cord
- > no real function but can compensate if corticospinal tract is lesioned
59
Explain the function of the Vestibulospinal tract:
- orgin in vestibular nuclei of medulla (gets info from inner ear via cranial nerves)
- actually has 2 side tracts
1. bilaterally -> spinal -> cervical spinal circuit to control neck & back muscles thus head movement
2. ipsilaterally -> lumbar spinal cord to maintain balanced position
60
Explain the function of the tectospinal tract:
- origanates: superior colliculus of midbrain (input from retina and visual cortex )
- construct a map of the world around us
- directs head an eye towards the stimuli
61
Explain the function of the Pontine tract
| and Medullary Reticulospinal tract:
Origin: reticular formation -> potine or medullary tract
1. Pontine tract: enhances antigravity reflexes of spinal cord
2. Medullary tract: impair antigravity muslces
- > both are needed for fine action
62
What did Fulton (1935)
| propose ?
-motor cortex could be divided into a
| primary motor area (area 4) and a premotor area (area 6)
63
What is meant by non primary motor areas ?
-all areas in the frontal lobe that can influence motor output at the level of M1 and; the spinal cord
64
Explain the function of Corticospinal Tract:
- motor cotex -> upper motor neuons enter midbrain as fibers in cereburl peduncles -> Medulla -> there neuron form pyramids and also crossaction starts (decustaion)-> spinal cord
