Task 5 Flashcards
(52 cards)
1
Q
What is meant by James’ peripheral feedback theory ?
A
- bodily reaction influence emotional feeling
- we are afraid because we run
2
Q
What is meant by Cannon and Bard’s central theory ? Also, what is the experiment which leaded him to his thesis ?
A
- First experience the emotion and then bodily reaction
- figured out part of the behaviourl pathway
- hypothalamus is key region in the control of fight or flight responses and other emotions
- cat experiment
3
Q
According to cannon and Bard’s central theory what is the function of the hypothalamus ?
A
- produce emotional responses such as rage or fight and flight (shame rage)
4
Q
According to cannon and Bard’s central theory what is the function of the cerbral cortex ?
A
- it acts as an evaluator of action
- it figures out the “purpose”
5
Q
What was papez theory ?
A
- he saw a neural cicuit as a cause for emotional behaviour
- added mamillary bodys and thalamus as important structures to brocas idea !
6
Q
How dord papez circuit looks like ?
A
- hippomcampus ventral -> fornix -> Mamillary body -> Anterior nucleus thalamus -> cingulate gyrus exchange -> back to hippocampus ventral
7
Q
What did Mc lean discover ?
A
- emotion is the product of “visceral brain” = limbic system
- and mainly added to the papez circuit the amygdala prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus
8
Q
What is the differnce between papez and Mc lean ?
A
- papez saw cingulate cortex as point of convergance
- McLean saw hippocampus as point of convergence
9
Q
What were some other significant findings regarding Mc Lean ?
A
- Saw emotional responses as essential for survival
10
Q
Why was Mc Leans theory in comparison to papez theory wrong ?
A
- because people with hippocampical damage were still able to experience emotions
11
Q
What is meant by the Klüver-Bucy syndrome ?
A
- abnormal behaviour seen in monkeys after the removal of much of the limbic system
12
Q
What happens when much of the limbic system is removed ?
A
- Hyperactivity and hypersexuality
- No motor or vocal reaction regarding anger or fear was present
- Visual agnosia: unable to recognize (but not blind)
- memory problems
13
Q
What were the explanations for the Klüver-Bucy syndrome ?
A
- First: interruption of the pathways explained by Papez
2. Later: demonstrated that removal of amygdala alone was enough
14
Q
Explain the downer experiment:
A
- removed amygdala on only one side
- cutting the optic chiasm and collosum -> not anymore contralateral function
15
Q
What were the fndings of the Downer experiment ?
A
- Aggressive behaviour is due to amygdala
- Due to the fact that the syndrom was only present while seing with the leasiond eye
- The syndrome only ocurs if just visual input are present
16
Q
Explain the Le doux experiment:
A
- conditioned fear experiments with rats (tone+shock) -> measured by blood pressure and freezing
17
Q
What were the findings of the Le doux experiment ?
A
- Cortex (conscious experience ) and amygdala (unconsciously) faster
- Both have the same onset
- figured out the direct and indirect pathway
18
Q
What was Le doux final hypothesis ?
A
- Amygdala establishes association between neutral stimuli and stimuli with reinforcement value
- Got support by the fact that LTP occurs in amygdala
19
Q
Where is the amygdala more involved in regarding conscious feelings or unconscious feelings ?
A
- mainly involved in unconscious emotional states/feelings
20
Q
Explain pavlov fear conditioning:
A
- it is a learned condition between US (eg, shock) and the conditioned stimuli (CS) that predict the US
- > being exposed by only CS leads to same bodily symptom as being exposed to CS and US
21
Q
What happens when the amygdala is lessioned and what happens when hippocampus is leasioned ?
A
- Amygdala lessioned = conditioning can not occur
- Hippocampus lesioned = conditioning can still occur
- > Function of hippocmapus = explicit learning (conscious learning)
- > Function of amygdala = implicit learning (unconscious learning)
- > interaction between both
22
Q
Which major parts inside the amygdala play an important role in the amygdala ?
A
- dorsal part of Lateral nucleus = initiate learning when the CS and US are paired
- ventral part of olateral nucleus = mediate the long-term memory of the CS–US association -> LTP
23
Q
What controls unconditioned fear ?
A
- are mediated by the olfactory system to the medial amygdala
- fear which is not conditioned so not based on experiment
24
Q
What is special for humans regarding fear conditioing ?
A
- simply telling the subject about CS and US association is enough
- via observing someone undergoing a fear condition is also enough
25
Besides anger and fear conditioning, what are other functions of the amygdala ?
- positive emotions and processing of reward
26
What is so sepcial about the Visceral motor system ?
- shows the observable emotional body reaction of aroused
| - sweating our blushing
27
What is the definition of emotions ?
- automatic, largely unconscious behavioural and cognitive responses triggered when the brain detects a positively or negatively charged significant stimulus.
28
What is a feeling ?
- conscious experience of somatic and cognitive changes
29
What are the 3 systems which control emotionally competent via the amygdala?
- The endocrine system
- Autonomic system
- the behaviour system
30
What is the function of the The endocrine system ? And what is the pathway of the Endocrine system:
- hormone pathway (cortisol)
- slow respond
- amygdala -> hypothalamus (ParaVentralNucleus) release CRF -> anterior pituitary -> release (ACTH) adrenal cortex ->cortisol
31
What is the function of the The autonomic system ?
- neurotransmitter pathway (adrenaline)
- fast pathway
- central amygdala (output)-> lateral hypothalamus -> adrenals cortex (medulla) -> spinal cord -> adrenaline
32
What is the function of the behaviour motor system ?
- system mediates overt/visible behaviours such as freezing
| - Medial hypothalamus -> PAG -> beahvioural fear repsond
33
According to Bard’s central theory, what would happen if the hypothalamus is damaged ?
- no raging behaviour
34
According to Bard’s central theory, what would happen if the hypothalamus is intact but the cerebral cortex is damaged?
- u just rage with no purpose
35
Who was the first guy who indicated the idea of a limbic system ?
Paul broca
- a ring of cortical areas (cingulate gyrus and
hippocampus) in connection with olffactoric system
36
Explain the indirect pathway regarding fear conditioning:
-> US Pathway -> somatenory thalamus -> somatensory cortex -> amygdala -> (basolateral nucleus -> central nucleus) -> towards one of the 3 pathways mentioned above (indirect pathway)
- > CS Pathway-> auditory thalamus-> auditory cortex -> amygdala -> (basolateral nucleus -> central nucleus) -> towards one of the 3 pathways mentioned above (indirect pathway)
- > not necessary for conditioning
37
Explain the direct pathway regarding fear conditioning:
- Same as indirect pathway besided the cortex part is missing
- > necessary for conditioning
38
In what two major parts is the amygdala splited up in ?
1. Basolateral (input) -> Papez circuit + PFC
| 2. central amygdala (output) -> 3 pathways
39
Name the two types of the automatic nervous system ?
- Sympathetic system prepare for action-> works
| - parasympathetic -> prepare for rest
40
Where do all of the 3 major pathways gain there knowlegde from ?
- Basolateral (input) -> Papez circuit + PFC
- hippocampus (ventral) -> fornix -> Mamillary body -> Anterior nucleus thalamus -> cingulate gyrus (exchange also with (PFC))-> back to hippocampus ventral (also in exchange with PFC)
41
Name the 2 descending pathways and some unique features ?
- Volitional Movement and Actual Emotional Expression
42
Explain the volitional movement:
- via pyaramedial trac
- projection from corex and brainstm
- lateral motor cortex = distal movements (fine cntrolling)
- Medial motor cortex = proximal movements (posture)
- > via reticular formation towards cranial nerve nuclei and ventral horn -> movement !
43
Explain the emotional expression:
- via extrapyramidal projection
- projection from forebrain and hypothalamus
- medial motor cortex = ryhtmetical reflexes
- lateral motor cortex = sepcific emotional behvaiours
- > via reicular formation -> autonomic neurons -> moevemnet
44
What does pyramidal smile mean ?
- Forced smile
| - follows the volontational pathway
45
What does the duchenne smile mean ?
- Emotional smile
| - follows the emotional pathway
46
What is meant by emotional facial paresis and what are the causes of it ?
- Actual expression of emotion is not present
| - damage in forebrain or hypothalamus ( emotional pathway)
47
What is meant by Voluntary facial paresis and what are the causes of it ?
- can not smile forecfully because of damage within brainstem and motor cortex (volitational pathway)
48
How can we define anxiety disorder ?
- based on gentic and enviormental influence Stres
- CRH is overexpressed = increase anxiety
- hyperactivity of the amygdala and diminished activity of the hippocampus
49
How does an increased lvl of cortisol occur regading anxiety disoreder ?
1. Stress releases CRH hormones in hypothalamus -> which leads to release of by Acth in pituitary gland -> adrenal cortex -> cortisol
- to much cortisol damages hippocampus
- This is the reason why hippocampus based on a negative feedback loop can influence the state of HPA
50
How does the monoamine hypothesis explain depression ?
- mood is connected to levels of released monoamine neurotransmitters in brain (norepinephrine and/or serotonin )
- To less monoamines
- only biological based
51
How does the Diathesis-stress hypothesis explain depression ?
- mood disorders caused by genes + bad childhood experience
| - caused by a HPA hyperactive -> which is caused by a dsruption in the feedback loop controlled by hippocampus
52
What were the limitations of the monoamine hypothesis?
- transmission effects of drugs occurs right away but it takes a while for symptoms to get better
- cocaine alos increases monoamine but does not treat depression
