Task 1 - Concepts of emotion and motivation Flashcards
(34 cards)
Drive (reduction) theory
Humans need certain things to survive/for their well-being and when they are not met the disequilibrium causes tension
The response triggered by this is drive which reflects the underlying need (the absence of something essential)
The 5 levels of Maslow’s Hierachy of needs
- Physiological needs
- Safety needs
- Belongingness and love needs
- Esteem needs
- Self-actualization
Generally the lower needs need to be fullfilled before someone can progress to the higher level
Level 1: Physiological needs
Maslow’s hierachy of needs
- Essentials for survival: food, water, warmth, rest, air
- If unmet, these dominate motivation
Level 2: Safety needs
Maslow’s hierachy of needs
- Protection from harm: personal security, health, shelter, financial stability
- People seek order and predictability
Level 3: Love and Belongingness Needs
Maslow’s hierachy of needs
- Social needs: friendship, intimacy, family, connection
- Humans are social beings who need to feel accepted and loved
Level 4: Esteem needs
Maslow’s hierachy of needs
- Self-esteem and respect from others: achievement, independence, recognition
- Includes confidence, status, and feeling valued
Level 5: Self-actualization
Maslow’s hierachy of needs
- Fulfillment of personal potential and growth
- Includes creativity, morality, problem-solving, purpose
- “Becoming everything one is capable of becoming.”
Criticism of Maslow’s hierachy of needs
Not everyone follows this exact order (e.g., artists may create while struggling with basic needs)
Main aim of the study
Study: Taormina & Gao (2013)
Aims to test whether satisfaction of lower needs
Secondary aim of the study
Study: Taormina & Gao (2013)
To test other exploratory variables and examine how they relate to the five needs:
1. Family emotional support
2. Traditional values
3. Anxiety/worry
4. Life Satisfaction
Findings (Main hypothesis)
Study: Taormina & Gao (2013)
- Each of Maslow’s five needs was significantly and positively correlated with the next higher need in the hierarchy.
- Multiple regression analyses confirmed a hierarchical structure
Hypothesis vs. Findings: Family emotional support
Study: Taormina & Gao (2013)
Hypothesis: Higher emotional support from family would positively correlate with satisfaction of all five needs
Findings: Significant positive correlations were found with all needs
Hypothesis vs. Findings: Traditional values
Study: Taormina & Gao (2013)
- Hypothesis: Stronger adherence to traditional values (e.g., family loyalty, respect for elders) would correlate positively with need satisfaction.
- Findings: All five needs were significantly positively associated with traditional values.
Hypothesis vs. Findings: Anxiety/worry
Study: Taormina & Gao (2013)
- Hypothesis: Higher anxiety and worry would negatively correlate with satisfaction of all needs
- Findings: There were significant negative correlations with all five needs
Hypothesis vs. Findings: Life satisfaction
Study: Taormina & Gao (2013)
- Hypothesis: Greater satisfaction of Maslow’s five needs would be associated with higher overall life satisfaction.
- Findings: Strong positive correlations were found between all five needs and life satisfaction.
Attribution theories
- Psychological framework; when event occurs (success or failure) people try to make sense of why by attributing it to a cause.
- These causal attributions shape how they feel, their expectations and their motivation
Weiner’s three causal dimensions
Causal attributions can vary in these dimensions:
1. Causal locus: Internal vs. external
2. Causal stability: stable/permanent vs. changeable
3. Causal control: Perceived efficacy basically
Key take-away
The laws of emotion (Frijda, 1988)
Emotions aren’t random or purely reactive; they follow consistent “laws” or patterns that describe how emotions arise, what they do, and how they relate to action and cognition.
The key laws outlined by Frijda (9)
The laws of emotion (Frijda, 1988)
- Law of Situational Meaning
- Law of concern
- Law of Apparent Reality
- Law of change
- Law of habituation
- Law of comparative feeling
- Law of Hedonic asymmetry
- Law of conversation of emotional momentum
- Law of closure
- Law of care for consequence
- Law of lightest load and greatest pain
Law of situational meaning
The laws of emotion (Frijda, 1988)
Laws that describe emotion elicitation
Emotions arise in response to the meaning structures of given situations; different
emotions arise in response to different meaning structures
Law of concern
The laws of emotion (Frijda, 1988)
Laws that describe emotion elicitation
Emotions arise in response to events that are important to the individual’s goals, motives or concerns
Law of apparent reality
The laws of emotion (Frijda, 1988)
Laws that describe emotion elicitation
Emotions are elicited by events appraised as real, and their intensity corresponds to
the degree to which this is the case
Law of change
The laws of emotion (Frijda, 1988)
Laws that describe emotion elicitation
Emotions are elicited not so much by the presence of favorable or unfavorable conditions, but by actual or expected changes in favorable or unfavorable
Law of habituation
The laws of emotion (Frijda, 1988)
Laws that describe emotion elicitation
Continued pleasure wear off; continued hardships lose their
poignancy
