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Complex cognition > Task 2 > Flashcards

Task 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the classical view / approach ?

A
  • Something belongs to a category if it fits to the definition of the category !
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2
Q

Name some charactersitic regarding classical view:

A
  1. Examples share fundamental characteristics
  2. Clear cut
  3. Not better or worse fit
  4. Clearly defined
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3
Q

What are some problems regarding the classicla approach ?

A
  1. Requires perfect match between defintion and object

2. Some might fit easier which we will learn then faster

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4
Q

Why is cogintive economy so usefull ?

A
  • You divide the world into clases which decreases the amount of information we need to learn and remember
  • cause u choose what u want to learn
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5
Q

What are the lvls of categorization and how are they structured ?

A
  • Hierachical organised
  • Superordinated lvl
  • basic lvl
  • subordinate lvl
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6
Q

What are some key features regarding the superordinate lvl ?

A
  • high coverage
  • very broad
  • > Example: furniture
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7
Q

What are some key features regarding the basic lvl ?

A
  • the most relevant conceptual information relating to a category
  • table
  • people tend to focus on that lvl
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8
Q

What are some key features regarding the subordinate lvl ?

A
  • low coverage

- Really in detailed information !

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9
Q

What is the variable that influence the lvl of categorization ?

A
  • knowledge

- Based on knowledge the lvl can switch and makes it for every person different

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10
Q

What does more knowledge lead to ?

A
  • Faster classification
  • Better discrimination
  • More detailed description
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11
Q

What are the Similarity based categoristaion systems ?

A
  • Classical bases approach
  • prototype view
  • exemplar view
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12
Q

What is the prototype based approach ?

A
  • Compaing the new object with a prototype that represents the category
  • based on average
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13
Q

Name some characteristics regarding the protoype view:

A
  • typical prototype is based on an average of members of a category
  • must not be present
  • family resemblance
  • Allows variation
  • good when knowledge is allready build
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14
Q

What does family resemblance mean ?

A
  • The idea that you are in a category and share multiple components
  • fuzzy boarders
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15
Q

What does variation stand for regarding the prototype view ?

A
  • different typicaliyt
  • high = more closer related
  • low = less related
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16
Q

What are some limitations regarding the prototype model ?

A
  • similarity to earlier example influences categorization (priming)
  • no info about attribute values (coin and pizza could be same)
  • ignore correlations of features
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17
Q

What is the exemplar based approach ?

A
  • Novel object is assigned to the category
    that contains examples that show the
    closest likeness to the novel object
  • comparison to an actual member
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18
Q

What are some characteristics of the exemplar based approach ?

A
  • Exemplar is actual part of the category
  • greatest number of similarity
  • Good for small categorize and atypicall structures
  • important for early learning
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19
Q

What are some problems with the exemplar view ?

A
  • difficult to define most relevantf features and limited memory capacity
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20
Q

What is now the best strategy out of all approaches/theories/views ?

A
  • Hybrid approach
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21
Q

What is the Hybrid approach ?

A
  • combination of prototype exemplar approach
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22
Q

What is the recognition by components theory ?

A
  • biedermann

- able to recognize object by there geons

23
Q

How does rule based classification work ?

A
  • selective attention on relevant features

- check for each feature if the correct value is given

24
Q

When would you choose a similarity based strategy?

A
  1. Time pressure
  2. High task load
  3. first impression
  4. random training
  5. Culture difference (family resemblance/rules)
25
Q

When would you choose rule based strategy?

A
  1. If u have to be careful
  2. blocked training
  3. Culture difference (family resemblance/rules)
26
Q

What is the neuronal activity regarding similarity based testing ?

A
  • cerebellum and occipital lobe
27
Q

What is the neuronal activity regarding rule based testing ?

A
  • cerbellum
  • occipital lobe
  • parietal = Selective attention
  • motor cortex = rehersal and speech
  • prefronatl cortex = WM
28
Q

What is the knowledge based view ?

A
  • doesn’t just compare features or physical aspects of the objects but also uses his background knowledge
29
Q

What are the four category types ?

A
  1. natural categories = natural objects (Appel)
  2. functional categories = functional objects
  3. ad hoc categories = When somemthing is needed
  4. Formal categorization
30
Q

What is so special regarding category types ?

A
  • Each category type can have subcordinate categories

- Categorys are infinite

31
Q

How is an object categorised or on what is it dependent ?

A
  • stable core
  • inferred features
  • ideals
  • present or context
  • frequently or recently activated knowledge
  • cultural differnces
32
Q

Name the three ways on how to form/find a new concept:

A
  • Simultaneous scanning
  • Successive scanning
  • Conservative focusing
33
Q

How does simulatneous scanning work ?

A
  • (using multiple concepts at the same time)

- fast but less precise

34
Q

How does successive scanning work ?

A
  • one hypothesis at a time

- slower but more precise

35
Q

How does conservative scanning work ?

A
  • having one hypothesis and compare that one activly with other hypothesis
36
Q

How does simlarity based strategy work?

A
  • A person decides whether a test item belongs to a particular category by determining its similarity to remembered exemplars of the category
37
Q

What kind of strategy is used regarding working memory ?

A
  • rule based strategy
38
Q

What is the theory based categorization?

A

-One decides whether something belongs to a category by determining whether the features of the test item are best explained by the “theory”

39
Q

What are the two explanation based categorisation theories ?

A
  • theory based categorisation

- The Knowledge-Based View

40
Q

What kind of strategy is used regarding Explicit long term memory ?

A
  • Explicit = retrieved with awareness

- uses similarity strategies

41
Q

What kind of strategy is used regarding implicit long term memory ?

A
  • Implicit = retrieved without awarness

- also similarity based categorization

42
Q

What is essentialism ?

A
  • A view that every object has a set of attributes that are necessary to its identity function -> innately determined
  • Two Characteristics
    1. membership is fixed for a long time
    2. Being part of the group let other people know something about ur charistics
    -
43
Q

Which groups usually use essentialsim and what does it supress ?

A
  • supresses creativity

- close minded people

44
Q

What is the one drop rule ?

A
  • individuals with any non-white ancestry are classified as members of the non-white race
45
Q

What are lay theories ?

A
  • theories formed by people to make sense of their environments, guide behaviour, provide systems of beliefs and organize the social world.
  • could be related to essentialism
46
Q

What is meant by the Principle of hypodescent ?

A
  • assign multicultural individuals to the subordinate racial category
47
Q

What is the theory based categorization about ?

A
  • something belongs to a category by determining whether the features of the test item are best explained by the “theory” that underlies the category
48
Q

Name two characteristic ?

A
  • innately determined

- inacubility

49
Q

Support of esentialism ?

A
  • Racial essentialim
50
Q

What is the competing theory based on essentialsim ?

A
  • prototype because of fuzzy boarders
51
Q

History of essentialism

A
  • biedermann recognition by component theory
52
Q

What is a similar theory to essentialism ?

A
  • lay theory -> because it tells u how to organize ur social world
53
Q

What is an aplication of essentialism

A
  • one drop rule

Complex cognition (9 decks)

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