Task 2 Flashcards Preview

Critical thinking > Task 2 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Task 2 Deck (22)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

What are signal words indicating consequences or conclusions ?

A
  1. So
  2. Accordingly
  3. We can deduce that
  4. Therefore
  5. Indicates that
  6. Entails that
  7. Hence
  8. It follows that
  9. Implies that
  10. Whence
  11. Demonstrates that
  12. Leads us to believe that
  13. Thus (not always)
  14. Proves that
  15. For this reason
  16. Consequently
  17. Then
  18. wherefore
  19. we may conclude
  20. we may infer
  21. it must be that
  22. As a result
2
Q

What are the signal words indicating premises or reasons ?

A
  1. Because
  2. Firstly…
  3. Owing to the fact that
  4. Since (not always)
  5. On the grounds that
  6. On the assumption that
  7. For (not always)
  8. As indicated by
  9. On the supposition that
  10. May be inferred from
  11. Is implied by the view that
  12. Being as
  13. Follows from
  14. Whereas
  15. In as much as
  16. May be deduced from
  17. For the reason that
  18. In the light of the fact that
  19. Since
  20. given that / for the reason that
3
Q

What is meant by a deductive argument ?

A
  • It is an Argument which states that = it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false
  • from general to specific
  • can be either right(valid) or wrong(invalid)
  • and is used in mathemtaics and by definitions
4
Q

What is meant by a inductive argument ?

A
  • It is an Argument which states that = it is improbable (unwahrscehinlich) that the premises be true and the conclusion false
  • Can be either strong or weak
5
Q

Name some indicator words regarding deductive arguments:

A
  • necessarily , ‘certainly,’’ ‘‘absolutely,’’ and ‘‘definitely.’’
6
Q

Name some indicator words regarding inductive arguments:

A
  • probably ‘improbable,’’ ‘‘plausible,’’ ‘‘implausible,’’ ‘‘likely,’’ ‘‘unlikely,’’ and ‘‘reasonable to conclude.
7
Q

What are not arguments ?

A
  1. question
  2. Piece of advice
  3. statment of belief and oppinion
  4. command
  5. warnings
  6. Expository passage
  7. illustrations
  8. explanation
8
Q

What is a dispute ?

A
  • A claim to which several reasons and objections are linked.
9
Q

What is a counterargument ?

A
  • You have one contantion

- And u have a objection and a reason on the same lvl

10
Q

Which rule do we use to identify a premise ?

A
  • Use “because or Therefore “ in order to identfy a premis or concluison
  • Because = premise
  • Therefore = conclusion
11
Q

What do we have to be aware of regarding “if then” statements ?

A
  • They allway must be constructed in a single claim

- They can not be splited up in a Co premise !!

12
Q

What is the definition of a statement ?

A
  • A sentence that can be either true or false

- It conatins a truth value

13
Q

What is so tricky regarding non arguments ? And what do u have to be aware of ?

A
  • They can have premises and a conclsuion but still lack on evidence !!
14
Q

What is the definition of a “expository passage” regarding non arguments ?

A
  • It starts of with a topic sentecse followed by one or more sentece that only devlope the topic
15
Q

What is the definition of a “illustrations” regarding non arguments ?

A
  • Those are examples and not arguments
16
Q

What is the definition of a “explanations” regarding non arguments ?

A
  • only shed light on the explained event but does not prove it
17
Q

What is meant by a extensional definition ?

A
  • is one that assigns a meaning to a term by indicating the members of the class
18
Q

What is meant by a intensional definition ?

A
  • is one that assigns a meaning to a word by indicating the qualities or attributes that the word connotes
19
Q

What is meant by a a lexical definition ?

A
  • reporting the meaning that a word already has in a language
20
Q

What is meant by a stipulative definition ?

A
  • giving a meaning to a word for the first time or replacing an old one
21
Q

What is meant by sound argument ?

A

Valid argument + All true premises = Sound argument

- Deductive reasoning

22
Q

What is meant by cogent argument ?

A

Strong argument + All true premises = cogent argument

- inductive reasoning